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Psychology > Chapter-10 Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter-10 Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development psychology

A

Is the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

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2
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

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3
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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4
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Effect observed in a sample of participants that that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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5
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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6
Q

Two myths concerning development

A
  1. Infant determinism
  2. Childhood fragility
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7
Q

Infant determinism

A

The widespread assumption that extremely early experiences (especially in the first three years of life) are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults

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8
Q

Childhood fragility

A

Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged

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9
Q

Gene environment Interaction

A

Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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10
Q

Nature via nurture

A

Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own experiences

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11
Q

Gene expression

A

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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12
Q

Prenatal

A

Prior to birth

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13
Q

Development of a baby

A
  1. Stage 1 (germinal stage)
  2. Stage 2 (embryonic stage)
  3. Stage 3 (fetal stage)
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14
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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15
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hall of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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16
Q

Embryo

A

Second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features and major organs of the body take form

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17
Q

Fetus

A

Period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primacy change

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18
Q

Three ways that fetal development can be distributed

A
  1. Exposure to hazardous environmental influences
  2. Biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
  3. Premature birth
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19
Q

Teratogens

A

An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

During pregnancy can cause harm

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20
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth, retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders

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21
Q

Genetic disorders

A

Genetic disorders or random errors in cell division are a second adverse influence or prenatal development

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22
Q

Motor behaviour

A

Bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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23
Q

Infant motor development

A

Infants are born with a large set of autonomic motor behaviours (reflexes), important for survival needs

  • such as sucking and rooting reflexes (eating)
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24
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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25
Q

Puberty

A

The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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26
Q

Primary sex characteristic

A

A physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

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27
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Includes sex differentiating characteristics that do not relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in girls, deepening voices in boys, and pubic hair in both sexes

28
Q

Menarche

A

Start of menstruation in girls

29
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation in boys

30
Q

Menopause

A

The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a women’s reproductive potential

31
Q

Cognitive development

A

Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember

32
Q

Assimilation

A

Piaget process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures

33
Q

Accommodation

A

Piaget process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

34
Q

4 stages of Piaget’s stages of development

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operations
  4. Formal operations
35
Q
  1. Sensorimotor stage
A

Is characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

36
Q

Object permanence

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

37
Q
  1. Preoperational stage
A

The ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them

38
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to see the world from other’s perspective

39
Q

Conservation

A

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

40
Q

Concrete operations stage

A

Characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical event only

41
Q

Formal operations stage

A

Characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

Can understand logical concepts and abstract questions

42
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more independent

43
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

44
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to reason about what other people know or believe

45
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

A fear of strangers, developing at 8 or 9 months of age

46
Q

Temperament

A

Basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

47
Q

Attachment

A

The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

48
Q

Contact comfort

A

Positive emotional afforded by touch

49
Q

Monooperation bias

A

Drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

50
Q

Parenting styles

A
  1. Permissive
  2. Authoritarian
  3. Authoritative
  4. Uninvolved
51
Q

Permissive

A

Tend to be lenient, little discipline, very affectionate

52
Q

Authoritarian

A

Very strict, punishing, little affection

53
Q

Authoritative

A

Supportive but set clear and firm limits

54
Q

Uninvolved

A

Neglectful and ignoring

55
Q

Average expectable environment

A

Environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

56
Q

Gender identity

A

Individuals’ sense of being male or female

57
Q

Gender role

A

A set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female

58
Q

Identity

A

Our sense is who we are, and our life goals and priorities

59
Q

Psychosocial crisis

A

Dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people

60
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity and personality become solidified

61
Q

Midlife crisis

A

Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

62
Q

Empty-nest syndrome

A

Alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

63
Q

Biological age

A

Estimate of a persons age in terms of biological functioning

64
Q

Psychological age

A

A persons, mental attitude and agility and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment

65
Q

Functional age

A

A persons, ability to function in given role in society

66
Q

Social age

A

Whether people behave in accord with the social behaviour appropriate for their age

Psychology (8 decks)

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