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Psychology > Chapter-10 Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter-10 Human Development Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Development psychology

A

Is the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

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2
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

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3
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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4
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Effect observed in a sample of participants that that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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5
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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6
Q

Two myths concerning development

A
  1. Infant determinism
  2. Childhood fragility
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7
Q

Infant determinism

A

The widespread assumption that extremely early experiences (especially in the first three years of life) are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults

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8
Q

Childhood fragility

A

Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged

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9
Q

Gene environment Interaction

A

Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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10
Q

Nature via nurture

A

Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own experiences

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11
Q

Gene expression

A

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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12
Q

Prenatal

A

Prior to birth

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13
Q

Development of a baby

A
  1. Stage 1 (germinal stage)
  2. Stage 2 (embryonic stage)
  3. Stage 3 (fetal stage)
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14
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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15
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hall of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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16
Q

Embryo

A

Second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features and major organs of the body take form

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17
Q

Fetus

A

Period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primacy change

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18
Q

Three ways that fetal development can be distributed

A
  1. Exposure to hazardous environmental influences
  2. Biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
  3. Premature birth
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19
Q

Teratogens

A

An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

During pregnancy can cause harm

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20
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth, retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders

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21
Q

Genetic disorders

A

Genetic disorders or random errors in cell division are a second adverse influence or prenatal development

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22
Q

Motor behaviour

A

Bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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23
Q

Infant motor development

A

Infants are born with a large set of autonomic motor behaviours (reflexes), important for survival needs

  • such as sucking and rooting reflexes (eating)
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24
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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25
Puberty
The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
26
Primary sex characteristic
A physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
27
Secondary sex characteristics
Includes sex differentiating characteristics that do not relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in girls, deepening voices in boys, and pubic hair in both sexes
28
Menarche
Start of menstruation in girls
29
Spermarche
First ejaculation in boys
30
Menopause
The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a women’s reproductive potential
31
Cognitive development
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
32
Assimilation
Piaget process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures
33
Accommodation
Piaget process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
34
4 stages of Piaget’s stages of development
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational stage 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations
35
1. Sensorimotor stage
Is characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
36
Object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
37
2. Preoperational stage
The ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them
38
Egocentrism
Inability to see the world from other’s perspective
39
Conservation
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
40
Concrete operations stage
Characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical event only
41
Formal operations stage
Characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now Can understand logical concepts and abstract questions
42
Scaffolding
Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more independent
43
Zone of proximal development
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
44
Theory of mind
Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
45
Stranger anxiety
A fear of strangers, developing at 8 or 9 months of age
46
Temperament
Basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
47
Attachment
The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
48
Contact comfort
Positive emotional afforded by touch
49
Monooperation bias
Drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure
50
Parenting styles
1. Permissive 2. Authoritarian 3. Authoritative 4. Uninvolved
51
Permissive
Tend to be lenient, little discipline, very affectionate
52
Authoritarian
Very strict, punishing, little affection
53
Authoritative
Supportive but set clear and firm limits
54
Uninvolved
Neglectful and ignoring
55
Average expectable environment
Environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
56
Gender identity
Individuals’ sense of being male or female
57
Gender role
A set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female
58
Identity
Our sense is who we are, and our life goals and priorities
59
Psychosocial crisis
Dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people
60
Emerging adulthood
Period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity and personality become solidified
61
Midlife crisis
Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth
62
Empty-nest syndrome
Alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home
63
Biological age
Estimate of a persons age in terms of biological functioning
64
Psychological age
A persons, mental attitude and agility and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment
65
Functional age
A persons, ability to function in given role in society
66
Social age
Whether people behave in accord with the social behaviour appropriate for their age

Psychology (8 decks)

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