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Psychology > Chapter 11- Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion

A

Mental state of feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

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2
Q

Discrete emotion theory

A

Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology

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3
Q

Primary emotions

A

Small number (7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

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4
Q

Seven primary emotions

A
  1. Happiness
  2. Sadness
  3. Surprise
  4. Anger
  5. Disgust
  6. Fear
  7. Contempt

“Pride” may also be a primary emotion

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5
Q

Display rules

A

Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

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6
Q

Genuine expression

A

Duchenne smile

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7
Q

Fake smile

A

Pan am smile (marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes)

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8
Q

Cognitive theories of emotions

A

Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking

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9
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

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10
Q

Somatic marker theory

A

Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act

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11
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

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12
Q

Two factor theory

A

Emotions are produced but an undifferentiated arousal (alterness), with an attribution of that arousal

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13
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favourably towards

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14
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

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15
Q

Nonverbal leakage

A

Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour

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16
Q

Gestures can also convey emotion through 2 factors

A
  1. Illustrators
  2. Manipulators
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17
Q

Illustrators

A

Use when talking to highlight or accentuate the verbal message we are saying

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18
Q

Manipulators

A

Gestures of stroking, biting, pressing, or otherwise touching a part of one’s own body while under stress

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19
Q

Emblems

A

More culture- specific gestures

Such as okay sign, waving , thumbs up

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20
Q

Proxemics

A

Study of personal space

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21
Q

Four levels of distance

A
  1. Public distance (12 feet or more)
  2. Social distance (4-12 feet)
  3. Personal distance (1.5-4 feet
  4. Intimate distance (0-1.5 feet)
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22
Q

Pinocchio response

A

Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying

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23
Q

Controlled questions test (CQT)

A

Most widely administered version of the polygraph test

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24
Q

Guilty knowledge test (GKT)

A

Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premises, that criminal harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not

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25
Q

Integrity test

A

Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat

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26
Q

Broaden and build theory

A

Happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the “big picture”

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27
Q

Positive psychology

A

Discipline that has sought to emphasis human strength

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28
Q

Positivity effect

A

Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

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29
Q

Affective forecasting

A

Ability to predict our own and other’s happiness

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30
Q

Durability bias

A

Believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do

31
Q

Hedonic treadmill

A

Tendency for our mood to adapt to external circumstances

32
Q

Self esteem

A

Evaluation of our worth

33
Q

Narcissism

A

A personality trait marked by extreme self- centeredness

34
Q

Positive illusions

A

Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favourably than others do

35
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

Strategy of anticipating failures and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes

36
Q

Motivation

A

Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

37
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimizes aversive states

38
Q

Homeostasis

A

Equilibrium

39
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, affect and performance on the other

40
Q

What are the 4 conflicts we can face when our drives clash

A
  1. Approach-avoidance
  2. Approach-approach
  3. Avoidance-avoidance
  4. Double approach-avoidance
41
Q

Incentive theories

A

Theories proposing that we are often motivated by positive goals

42
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

We must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

43
Q

Glucostatic theory

A

Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

44
Q

2 factors of human needs

A
  1. Primary (biological), such as huger and thirst
  2. Secondary (psychology)
45
Q

Lateral

A

Initiating

46
Q

Ventromedial

A

Stopping

47
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Feeding center

48
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Satiety center

49
Q

Ghrelin

A

Communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger

50
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Counteracts the effects of ghrelin and decreases hunger

51
Q

Leptin

A

Hormones that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

52
Q

Set point

A

Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

53
Q

Internal - external theory

A

Obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

54
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Individuals engage in recurrent binge eating, followed by efforts to minimize weight gain

55
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and irrational perception that one is overweight

56
Q

Excitement phase

A

Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological change’s associated with it

57
Q

Libido

A

Sexual desire is a wish or craving for sexual activity and sexual pleasure

58
Q

Serotonin and dopamine (key I’m sexual desire)

A

Play a role in explaining an intriguing link between migraine headaches and increased libido

59
Q

Dopamine

A

Plays a role in reward

60
Q

Sexual response cycle contains 4 phase:

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau phase
  3. Orgasm (climax) phase
  4. Resolution phase
61
Q
  1. Excitement phase
A

People experience sexual pleasure and start to notice physiological changes, such as penile erecting in men and vaginal swelling and lubrication in women

62
Q

Plateau phase

A

Sexual tension builds

63
Q

Orgasm (climax) phase

A

Sexual pleasure and physical changes peak, there are involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of the genitals in men and women, and men ejaculate

64
Q

Resolution phase

A

Phase following the orgasm phase, where people report relaxation and sense of well-being as the body returns to its unstimulated state

65
Q

Three major principles guide aide attraction and relationship formation

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Reciprocity
66
Q

Proximity

A

Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction

67
Q

Similarly

A

Extent to which we have things in common with other, a predictor of attraction

68
Q

Reciprocity

A

Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction

69
Q

Serendipity

A

Sheer luck

70
Q

Social role theory

A

Biological variables play a role in men’s and women’s preferences, but not in the way that evolutionary psychologists contend

71
Q

Passionate love

A

Love marked by the powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner

72
Q

Companionate love

A

Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner

73
Q

The three sides of love (triangle)

A
  1. Intimacy
  2. Passion
  3. Commitment

All form to from seven varieties of love

Psychology (8 decks)

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