Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases

Question 1

infectious disease

Answer 1

a disease caused by a pathogen that is transmissible from infected to uninfected individuals

Question 2

non-infectious disease

Answer 2

a disease not caused by a pathogen and is not transmissible from infected to uninfected individuals

Question 3

pathogen name of cholera

Answer 3

Vibrio cholerae

Question 4

type of pathogen of cholera

Answer 4

bacterium

Question 5

how is cholera transmitted

Answer 5

food-borne/water-borne (consuming water or food contaminated with feces that contained the pathogen)

Question 6

how is cholera prevented and controlled

Answer 6

• providing people with clean/piped water that is chlorinated
• properly treating sewage

Question 7

global distribution of cholera

Answer 7

asia, africa, latin america

Question 8

why is cholera uncommon in developed countries?

Answer 8

because the sewage is properly treated and people are provided with clean, piped water

Question 9

malaria pathogen name

Answer 9

Plasmodium (4 species)

Question 10

type of pathogen of malaria

Answer 10

protist (eukaryote)

Question 11

prevention and control of malaria

Answer 11

• reduce the # of mosquitoes
• avoid being bit by mosquitoes
• using drugs to prevent Plasmodium infection

Question 12

global distribution of malaria

Answer 12

tropics and sub-tropics

Question 13

how is malaria transmitted

Answer 13

insect vector: female Anopheles mosquito

Question 14

tuberculosis pathogen name (TB)

Answer 14

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium bovis

Question 15

type of pathogen of TB

Answer 15

bacterium

Question 16

how is M. tuberculosis transmitted?

Answer 16

airborne droplets released when infected individuals cough/sneeze

Question 17

how is M. bovis transmitted?

Answer 17

via undercooked meat or unpasteurized milk

Question 18

prevention and control of TB

Answer 18

• isolate patients
• contact tracing
• vaccination
  (FOR M. bovis: routine testing of cattle for TB and destroying infected individuals + pasteurizing milk)

Question 19

global distribution of TB

Answer 19

worldwide

Question 20

opportunistic disease

Answer 20

a disease that takes advantage of a host with a weakened immune system

Question 21

the first opportunistic diseases to strike HIV+ individuals

Answer 21

TB

Question 22

HIV/AIDS pathogen name

Answer 22

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 23

type of pathogen of HIV/AIDS

Answer 23

virus

Question 24

how is HIV/AIDS transmitted

Answer 24

• bodily fluids
• infected blood
• contaminated needles
• mother to fetus across placenta or at birth
• mother to infant in breast milk

Question 25

prevention of HIV/AIDS

Answer 25

- educating people about how the virus is transmitted - using condoms - using sterile needles - testing/heat-treating donated blood - no breastfeeding - contact tracing

Question 26

global distribution of HIV/AIDS

Answer 26

worldwide - sub-saharan africa - southeast asia

Question 27

how does HIV weaken people's defense against infection

Answer 27

HIV destroys and impairs the function of immune cells including T-cells and macrophages

Question 28

most advanced stage of HIV infection

Answer 28

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 29

antibiotics

Answer 29

drugs used to treat or cure bacterial/fungal infections

Question 30

why are antibiotics ineffective for treating the flu, common cold, and other viral illnesses

Answer 30

antibiotics do not destroy viruses

Question 31

selective toxicity

Answer 31

antibiotics show this by **killing or disabling the pathogen without harming the cells of the host**

Question 32

antibiotics interfere with some aspect of _______ or _______ in the target organism

Answer 32

growth / metabolism

Question 33

penicillin

Answer 33

inhibits the enzymes that build cross-links between peptidoglycan molecules in the cell walls of bacteria

Question 34

how does penicillin weaken the cell walls of bacteria

Answer 34

inhibiting the enzyme that builds cross-links between peptidoglycan molecules in the cell walls of bacteria ---> this weakens the cell wall and ultimately leads to death by lysis (bursting) when the bacteria take up water by osmosis

Question 35

How can antibiotic sensitivity tests be used?

Answer 35

to determine how effectively an antibiotic kills a pathogen

Question 36

how do antibiotic sensitivity tests work?

Answer 36

- bacteria are grown on agar plates + discs of filter paper containing various antibiotics are placed on the plate - after the plate is incubated, the diameters of the circles around the filter paper discs where no bacteria are growing are measured

Question 37

zone of inhibition

Answer 37

the diameters of the circles around the filter paper discs where no bacteria are growing

Question 38

when does antibiotic resistance occur?

Answer 38

when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control/kill bacterial growth

Question 39

why is antibiotic resistance increasing?

Answer 39

due to misuse and abuse of antibiotics

Question 40

misuse

Answer 40

not completing the full course of antibiotics prescribed

Question 41

abuse

Answer 41

over-prescribing and unnecessary use of antibiotics