Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 11: Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Immunity Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

two main types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells that engulf microbes by phagocytosis and destroy them with hydrolytic enzymes in their lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where are phagocytes produced and stored

A

the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 kinds of phagocytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of phagocytes are short-lived cells?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why are neutrophils short-lived cells

A

they die after they kill and digest pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of phagocytes are long-lived cells

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are macrophages commonly found

A

the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do macrophages communicate with lymphocytes?

A

via antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antigen presentation

A

instead of completely destroying the pathogens they engulf, macrophages chop them up and display their antigens to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

surface markers

A

molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

self markers

A

recognized by your white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

non-self markers

A

those not recognized by your white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are non-self markers also called

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do antigens do

A

trigger an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of diseases fail to distinguish between self and non-self markers

A

autoimmune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that help our bodies acquire long-term immunity against specific pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow they become..

A

b-lymphocytes (b-cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

if lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to mature they become…

A

t-lymphocytes (t-cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens when a lymphocyte encounters a pathogen that matches the receptors in their surface

A

an immune response is initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens during an immune response

A

B cells fight pathogens by secreting antibodies, helper t-cells stimulate B cells to divide, killer T-cells destroy body cells infected by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

B cells circulate between the blood and the lymph in search of what kind of pathogens

A

extracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when is a B cell activated

A

when its receptors bind to a complementary antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why can B cells only bind to one kind of pathogen

A

because its receptors are complementary to the antigens on the pathogens surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what happens during antigen presentation?
1. a macrophage engulfs a pathogen by phagocytosis 2. the pathogen is broken down into fragments by a lysosome 3. the macrophage displays the pathogens antigen to a lymphocyte via a protein on its cell surface
26
plasma cells
cells that produce and secrete antibodies
27
memory cells
cells that remain circulating in the body in case the same pathogen infects the body in the future
28
clonal expansion
when an activated B-cell divides by mitosis to produce many copies or clones of itself
29
T cells circulate between the blood and the lymph in search of what kind of pathogens
intracellular pathogens
30
helper T cells
release cell signaling molecules called cytokines that stimulate other types of white blood cells to join the fight, including B cells and macrophages
31
killer (cytotoxic) T cells
secrete toxins (like hydrogen peroxide) into infected body cells, this kills the cells and the pathogens inside them
32
primary immune response
when an individual is exposed to an antigen for the first time
33
why is the primary immune response slow?
this is because there are very few lymphocytes in circulation that are specific to this unfamiliar antigen
34
secondary immune response
when an individual is exposed to an antigen for a second time
35
why is the secondary immune response much faster?
this is because of memory cells, there are now many lymphocytes in circulation that are specific to the antigen (detection is faster)
36
in the secondary immune response...
many more antibodies are produced in a shorter amount of time
37
antibody structure
- globular "Y-shaped" glycoprotein - quaternary structure - two identical antigen-binding sites - a hinge region
38
quaternary structure of an antibody
- 4 polypeptide chains - 2 long/heavy chains - 2 short/light chains
39
what type of bonds hold together the polypeptide chains of an antibody?
disulfide bonds
40
what is the purpose of the hinge region of an antibody?
it's where the heavy chains are connected, it makes the antibody flexible, allowing it to bind around the antigen
41
agglutination
clumping of bacteria to reduce their spread
42
monoclonal antibodies
a large population of a single type of antibody
43
where are Mabs derived from?
natural antibodies and then cloned in a unique process that involves fusing plasma cells with tumor cells
44
why can't we produce a single type of antibody on a large scale?
plasma cells are not capable of diving by mitosis
45
how do we fix the problem of plasma cells not having the capability of diving by mitosis?
fuse them with cancer/tumor cells
46
hybridoma cell
a cancer cell fused with a plasma cell
47
how to create hybidroma cells? (method)
1. inject a mouse with the antigen we want antibodies for 2. extract B cells that produce the antibodies from the mouse's spleen 3. fuse the B cells with cancer cells ---> hybridoma cells
48
hybridoma method of monoclonal antibody production
1. form hybridoma cells 2. screen the hybridoma cells for antibody production 3. allow the antibody-producing hybridoma cells to divide and secrete antibodies 4. isolate the Mabs
49
how are Mabs used in the diagnosis of disease?
- can be used to determine if a woman is pregnant - can be used to determine which strain of a virus/bacterium is causing an infection - can also be used to locate cancer cells, in blood-typing before transfusion, in tissue-typing before organ transplants
50
how are mabs used in the treatment of disease?
- they have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, chron's disease, some cancers
51
how are mabs used in the treatment of cancer?
- a monoclonal antibody used for treating cancer may block a receptor that cancer cells use to prevent the immune system from destroying them - blocking this receptor allows the immune system to recognize the cancer cells and destroy them - may also deliver anti-cancer drugs to cancer cells
52
why must Mabs be humanized before used in the treatment of disease?
since mabs are produced by mice, they can trigger an immune response when introduced into humans because the immune system recognizes them as non-self antigens - this becomes a problem because the mabs will most likely be administered more than once, and a secondary immune response would destroy the Mabs before they have time to provide treatment
53
how are mabs humanized?
- alter the genes that code for the antibodies so they code for human amino acid sequences - alter the position of sugar groups on the antibodies to match the human arrangement
54
two types of immunity
active immunity and passive immunity
55
active immunity
immunity developed after the immune system makes its own antibodies
56
passive immunity
immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another organism
57
natural active immunity
antibodies made after an infection
58
artificial active immunity
antibodies made after a vaccination
59
natural passive immunity
antibodies transmitted from mother to baby
60
artificial passive immunity
antibodies transfused or injected into an individual
61
the immune response is triggered as a result of...
- natural expose to a pathogen ( infection ) - artificial exposure to an antigen ( vaccination )
62
key characteristics of active immunity
- immune response triggered - activates B cells, antibodies are made - production of memory cells - long-term production
63
key characteristics of passive immunity
- immune response not triggered - antibodies are not made - memory cells are not produced - short-lived because eventually the antibodies will break down
64

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions