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Marine Mammals > Chapter 10: Life history and reproductive strategies > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Life history and reproductive strategies Flashcards

1
Q

Name some general life history traits

A
  • forage at sea
  • aqatic m. mamms reproduce and spend life at sea
  • amph m. mamms reproduce, rest & molt on land/ice
  • large variation in body size
  • large animals: long lived, grow slow, delay sex,
  • large animals: few offspring, invest heavily
  • usually one offspring
  • gestation 7-17 months
  • embryonic diapause in pinnipeds and otters
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2
Q

sexual maturity traits

A
  • delayed, trade off investing energy in Growth vs. reproductoin
  • pinniped are 3-7yrs
  • mysticetes are >7yrs
  • odontocetes are 2-20 years
  • sexual bimaturation
  • density dependent changes ( low sex mat after Heavy whaling)
  • birth intervals 1-7yrs
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3
Q

Parental care

A

males contribute little or nothing

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4
Q

male competitions

A
  • contest
  • endurance
  • scramble
  • mate Choice
  • sperm comp
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5
Q

basic male mating strategies

A
  • defend territories containing Resources used by females
  • defend non-Resource based territories, behave to attract females ** double check this one in book*
  • follow or defend one or more females directly
  • search for receptive females, spendig little tie With them to mate (search for sluts)
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6
Q

basic female mating strategies

A
  • Accept males that attempt to mate With them
  • investigate and choose males based on benefits
  • mate promiscously, promotes sperm compititoin
  • incite male-male aggressive encounters and mate With winner
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7
Q

what are pinniped receptivity themes?

A
  • synchronously receptive
  • spatial separation
  • suitable land/ice for breeding
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8
Q

why are most marine mammal so large?

what is another reason?

A
  • b/c of thermoregulation needs as well as the need of large lipid stores to enable the animal to survive a long time w/o food
  • larger animals have greater capacity to spend longer time under water
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9
Q

most marine mammals reproduce at sea. which are the exceptions?

A
  • pinnipeds
  • otters
  • polar bears
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10
Q

why is it important to store large amounts of blubber?

A

reproduction requires fasting.

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11
Q

what is embryonic diapause? why does it exist?

A
  • when there is a delay in development of the blastocyst after fertilization.
  • the need to synchronize the timing of breeding, common with highly seasonal breeders when males and females are spatially separated outside the breeding season
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12
Q

what species has the longest gestation period?

A

beaked whale

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13
Q

how does density affect age of maturity?

A

low density pops have lower age of maturity

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14
Q

when is the potential for males to fertilize multiple mates highest?

A

when females are moderately asynchronous and spatially clumped.

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15
Q

of marine mammals, who are the most synchronous in timing of receptivity?

A

pinnipeds (harp and hooded seal, 10-15 days)

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16
Q

what is the most important factor underlying high synchrony?

A

the spatial difference between aquatic food resources and limited suitable land or ice habitats for giving birth

17
Q

who are the most asynchronous for receptivity?

what makes this situation easier for the population?

A

sirenians. 6 months.

- there are a small group of females which are available year round.

18
Q

mysticetes’ synchronosity is linked to what? what is the outfall?

A

climatic season

impossible for males to monopolize several females.

19
Q

what are four reasons for female clustering?

CHECK OUT THIS IN BOOK: TABLE 10.2

A
  • marginal male * LOOK UP THIS IN THE BOOK*
  • selfish herd
  • male harassment
  • thermoregulation
20
Q

what is the spatial distribution theme of female odontocetes?

A
  • groups vary in size between 1-2 river dolphins to 10 000 pelagic dolphins
  • communal care for young
  • hierarchal groups
21
Q

what is the female special distribution of sirenians?

A

dugongs and manatees are normally a mother with their calves, though aggregate at food patches.

22
Q

what is the female dispersion summary for terrestrial breeding pinnipeds?

A
  • annual reproduction
  • synchronous reception
  • spatially aggregated
  • males compete heavily to monopolize access to females
23
Q

what is the female dispersion summary for aquatic mating pinnipeds?

A
  • synchronized, but mobile and more dispersed

- males less competition for females

24
Q

what is the female dispersion summary for sirenians and mysticetes?

A
  • females solitary
  • multiyear reproductive cycles
  • least competition by males
25
Q

what is the female dispersion summary for odontocetes?

A
  • females in social groups
  • males compete to monopolize females, but less effective due to large home ranges, multiyear cycles, and extended breeding periods.
26
Q

what are male mating strategies for terrestrial mating pinnipeds?

A
  • Otariids: polygyny
  • male territorial resource based defense of birth places and thermoregulation places
  • males arrive first on breeding places
  • establish boundaries to other males
  • exclusive access to females in their territories
27
Q

how does it work when the reproductive strategy is that male pinnipeds do not reach the breeding grounds until females do?

A

they do not defend territorial resources, but defend the females directly, moving as the females do.

28
Q

what are male mating strategies for aquatically mating pinnipeds?

A

roving, defense of single females, clustered males advertising vocally to females

29
Q

what are the male mating strategies for cetaceans?

A

-humpys sing songs, compete directly and escort females

30
Q

why do we believe humpys sing songs?

A
  • attract females
  • lek
  • space between males
  • establish dominance.
31
Q

define ‘lek’

A

A lek is an aggregation of males that gather to engage in competitive displays that may entice visiting females who are surveying prospective partners

32
Q

what is the male mating strategy of right whales?

A
  • sexually active all year
  • gestation 1 yr
  • huge testes
  • multiple males mate with one female, sperm comp.
33
Q

what is the male mating strategy of bottlenose dolphins?

A
  • males form alliances with other males
  • capture females
  • aggressive herding
  • temporary courtship w/o aggression
  • females cycle multiply and associate with several males
34
Q

which species has the shortest lactation period? which has the longest?

A
  • hooded, 4 days

- sperm, >7 years

35
Q

which group of animals continue to suckle after lactation ends for social reasons?

A

odontocetes

36
Q

do odontocetes fast while maternal?

A

no, they have no fast, no long migrations

37
Q

how is milk composition related to length of lactation?

A

shortest lactation equals fattest milk

Marine Mammals (12 decks)

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