Chapter 7: Patterns of movement Flashcards
Name Three Methods of determining distribution patterns
- Physical info: info from hunting records, survey ships, strandings
- Passive acousitcs: tracking of single blue whale across mid Atlantic
- Population characteristics: parasite infections, morphological features, Genetic markers, coloration, and diet components
How to track individual movements?
- Photo ID Method of individual markings
- Genetic tagging (tissue samples, dna, resampling, sex determination)
- fecaes sampling
- breath Collection
- Telemetry ( d-tags, satellite tags, neck collars) Invasive!
Why track individuals?
- shows migration patterns
- site Fidelity to feeding/breeding grounds
- changes in feeding distribution
what determines foraging patterns?
- travel along high density Food patches and high Level of Productivity
- yearly Return to feeding areas
are there factors for foraging regarding size, gender and reproduction?
yes. ie:
- Harbor seals: range positively correlates With body size and greater in males than females
- female otariids nurse pups several months andare restricted to breeding grounds
- migration differences between males and females: sperm whales, belugas and elephants seals
what are some tidal and diurnal factors for migration?
- some dolphins swim diurnaly from open water to Coastal areas due to prey
- prey often moves to surface in the evening
- seals need tidal areas for haul out sites, therefore tidal.
name some moulting habits of some m. mammals
pinnipends undergo a yearly moult in which they need to haul out.
cetaceans shed skin continuously
belugas undergo a major skin moult during the summer
review slide 11/18 regarding avoidance.
predator and disease
thermoregulatoin
ice (seals need for breed, cetacean must avoid)
water Levels (rainy season in lakes, dry in rivers for river dolphins)
name some long distance migrators. name some no-distance migrators
long: 9000km grey whales, 3000km elephant seals
none: humpys in Indian Ocean or arabian sea
intraspecific diferences in migration ( age, sex, reproductive stage). give some examples
-sex dimorph: longer feeding migration for males:
>sperm whales, walruses, belugas, elephant seals.
>longer feeding migrations for female Northern right whales, only South
-individs: some stay in feeding grounds year round
-females With calves arrive last at feeding grounds but first at breeding grounds
What sort of species relies on Exploration?
Phocid seals. weaned pups must explore environement, necissary to find New Food patches
name a species which uses underwater and land topography for naviagtion, and one species which doesnt
- seals often use land marks
- grey whales use Direct paths.
name some reasons for strandings
- sand banks
- starvation
- Ocean noise pollution
- disease
- I think this is correct. double check in book*
what are some anthropogenic impacts?
-Garbage, discharge of Waste, oil and gas extraction, transport, recreation, military actions, climate change
