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Medical terminology > Chapter 10 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Vocab; acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

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2
Q

Vocab; afferent nerve

A

Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

Af is another form of ad (toward)

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3
Q

Vocab; arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

Vocab; astrocyte

A

Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.

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5
Q

Vocab; autonomic nervous system

A

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

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6
Q

Vocab; axon

A

Microscopic fibre that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

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7
Q

Vocab; blood-brain barrier

A

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells.

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8
Q

Vocab; brainstem

A

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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9
Q

Vocab; cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Vocab; cell body

A

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

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11
Q

Vocab; central nervous system

Aka?

A

CNS.

Brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Vocab; cerebellum

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

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13
Q

Vocab; cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; grey matter of brain.

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14
Q

Vocab; cerebrospinal fluid

Aka?

A

CSF.

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

Protects brain and spinal cord from shock, acts like cushion.

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15
Q

Vocab; cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, memory.

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16
Q

Vocab; cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from brain with regard to head and neck (except the vagus nerve).

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17
Q

Vocab; dendrite

A

Microscopic branching fibre of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive nervous impulse.

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18
Q

Vocab; dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

Vocab; efferent nerve

A

Carries messages AWAY from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

Vocab; ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid.

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21
Q

Vocab; ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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22
Q

Vocab; glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.

Ie) astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes.

Reproduce themselves as opposed to neurons.

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23
Q

Vocab; gyrus

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

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24
Q

Vocab; hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

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25
Vocab; medulla oblongata What does it control?
Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels; nerve fibres cross over here.
26
Vocab; meninges
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
27
Vocab; microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
28
Vocab; midbrain
Uppermost portion of the brainstem.
29
Vocab; motor nerve
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve.
30
Vocab; myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulated the a con of a nerve cell. Speeds impulse conduction along axons.
31
Vocab; nerve
Microscopic cord-like collection of fibres (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
32
Vocab; neuron
Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of nervous system.
33
Vocab; neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. Stimulates or inhibits another cell (nerve, muscle, gland). Ie) acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.
34
Vocab; oligodendroglial cell
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Aka: oligodendrocyte
35
Vocab; parasympathetic nerves
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
36
Vocab; parenchyma
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. Of nervous system: neurons, and nerves that carry impulses. Liver: hepatocytes Kidney: nephrons
37
Vocab; peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
38
Vocab; pia mater
Thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges.
39
Vocab; plexus
(Plural: plexuses) Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples: lumbosacral, cervical, branchial (arm) plexuses.
40
Vocab; pons
Part of brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. Bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
41
Vocab; receptor
Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. Ie) skin, ears, eyes, taste buds
42
Vocab; sciatic nerve
Nerve extending from base of spine down the thigh and lower leg. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerves.
43
Vocab; sensory nerve
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor. Afferent nerve.
44
Vocab; spinal nerves
Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
45
Vocab; stimulus
(Plural: stimuli) Agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
46
Vocab; stroma
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells make up stromal tissue in brain.
47
Vocab; sulcus
(Plural: sulci) Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
48
Vocab; sympathetic nerves
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
49
Vocab; synapse
Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
50
Vocab; thalamus
Main relay centre of the brain. Conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are related through thalamus to appropriate centres in cerebrum.
51
Vocab; vagus nerve
Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, stomach.
52
Vocab; ventricles of the brain
Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Also found in heart.
53
Combining form; cerebell/o
Cerebellum.
54
Combining form; cerebr/o
Cerebrum.
55
Combining form; dur/o
Dura mater.
56
Combining form; encephal/o
Brain. Ie) anencephaly: congenital brain malformation - not compatible with life.
57
Combining form; gli/o
Glial cells. Ie) glioblastoma: high malignant tumour.
58
Combining form; lept/o
Thin, slender. Ie) leptomeningeal: pia and arachnoid membranes are known as the leptomeninges bc thin, delicate structure.
59
Combining form; mening/o, meningi/o
Membranes, meninges.
60
Combining form; my/o
Muscle.
61
Combining form; myel/o
Spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts). Ie) poliomyelitis: viral disease that affects grey matter of spinal cord leading to some paralysis. Polio: grey matter
62
Combining form; neur/o
Nerve. Neuropathy: disease of peripheral nerve.
63
Combining form; pont/o
Pons. Ie) cerebellopontine: pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.
64
Suffix meaning; -ine
Pertaining to.
65
Combining form; radicul/o
Nerve root (of spinal nerves). Ie) radiculopathy: disease of nerve root. Sciatica is one.
66
Combining form; thalam/o
Thalamus.
67
Combining form; thec/o
Sheath (refers to the meninges). Ie) intrathecal injection: injection within sheath (of meninges). Chemical such as chemotherapeutic drugs can be delivered into the subarachnoid space.
68
Combining form; vag/o
Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve).
69
Combining form; alges/o
Sensitivity to pain.
70
Suffix meaning; -algesia
Sensitivity to pain. Ie) hypalgesia: diminished sensation of pain.
71
Suffix meaning; -algia
Pain. ie) neuralgia: nerve pain. cephalgia: pain of head. Headaches.
72
Combining form; caus/o
Burning. Ie) causalgia: intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve.
73
Combining form; comat/o
Deep sleep (coma). Comatose: pertaining to a deep sleep.
74
Combining form; esthesi/o
Feeling, nervous, sensation. Anesthesia: lack of normal sensation.
75
Suffix meaning: -esthesia
Feeling, nervous, sensation. Ie) hyperesthesia: increased sensation to pain. Paresthesia: abnormal sensation.
76
Combining form; kines/o, kinesi/o
Movement.
77
Suffix meaning; -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
Movement. Ie) bradykinesia: slow movement. hyperkinesis: increased movement. dyskinesia: abnormal movement. Spasmodic. akinetic: lack of movement.
78
Suffix meaning; -lepsy
Seizure. Narcolepsy: sleep seizing you. Sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep.
79
Combining form; lex/o
Word, phrase. Ie) dyslexia: development of a reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language.
80
Suffix meaning; -paresis
Weakness. Hemiparesis: weakness of half of body (L or R). Paresis: used by self to mean partial paralysis or weakness of muscles.
81
Suffix meaning: -phasia
Speech. Ie) aphasia: difficulty with speech. Motor: knows what they want to say but cannot say it. Sensory: difficulty understanding language and may articulate easily but use words inappropriately.
82
Suffix meaning: -plegia
Paralysis (loss or impairment of ability to move body parts). Ie) hemiplegia: (L/R) half of body, stroke or brain injury. Contralateral yo brain lesion. Paraplegia: both legs, lower body. Quadriplegia: paralysis of all 4 extremities. Injury at cervical level.
83
Suffix meaning: -praxia
Action. Apraxia: movements and behaviour are not purposeful. Motor apraxia: cannot use and object or perform a task.
84
Suffix meaning: -sthenia
Strength. Ie) neurasthenia: nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.
85
Combining form; syncop/o
To cut off, cut short. Syncope: fainting. Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to brain. Syncopal: pertaining to fainting.
86
Combining form; tax/o
Order, coordination. Ie) ataxia: condition of decreased coordination.

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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