Chapter 5 - Digestive System Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
What are the four functions of the digestive system?
A
- Ingestion: food material is ingested into mouth
- Digestion: food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it travels. Enzymes speed up chem reactions.
- Absorption: nutrients from digested food passes through lining cells (epithelium) of small intestine into blood stream. To all cells.
- Elimination: solid wastes not absorbed are eliminated.
2
Q
Where does the gastrointestinal tract begin?
A
The oral cavity.
Oral - pertaining to the mouth.
3
Q
What is the hard palate?
A
Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
4
Q
What is the soft palate?
A
Lies posterior to hard palate. Muscular.
5
Q
What is rugae?
A
Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane, covering anterior portion of hard palate.
6
Q
What is the uvula?
A
Soft, small, tissue projection hanging from soft palate.
Aids in production of sounds and speech.
7
Q
What is the tongue?
A
Extends across floor of oral cavity, muscles attach it to lower jawbone. Moves food around during mastication and deglutition.
8
Q
What is papillae?
A
Small raised areas on tongue, contain taste buds, sensitive to chemical nature of food.
9
Q
What are tonsils?
A
Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of mucous membranes.
10
Q
How many permanent teeth are in entire oral cavity?
A
32.
11
Q
What is a crown (tooth)?
A
What show above the gum line.
12
Q
What is a root (tooth)?
A
What lies within bony tooth socket.
13
Q
What is enamel?
A
The outermost layer of the crown.
Protects the tooth.
Hardest tissue in human body.
14
Q
What is dentin (tooth)?
A
Main substance of tooth, beneath enamel, extends throughout crown.
Colour ranges from creamy white to yellow and affects colour of teeth bc enamel is translucent.
15
Q
What is the cementum?
A
It covers, protects, and supports dentin in root.
16
Q
What is the pulp (tooth)?
A
Lies underneath dentin.
Soft tissue that fills center of tooth.
17
Q
What are salivary glands?
A
Exocrine glands that produce saliva, lubricating mouth.
Saliva contains digestive enzymes and healing factors.
18
Q
What are the three salivary glands?
A
The parotid gland.
The submandibular gland.
The sublingual gland.
19
Q
What is the pharynx?
A
Throat.
Passageway for air; nose—> windpipe (trachea).
Passageway for food; mouth —> esophagus.
20
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
Cartilaginous flap of tissue, covers trachea so good doesn’t enter.
21
Q
What is the esophagus?
A
9-10inches.
Muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach.
22
Q
What is peristalsis?
A
Involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction in wall muscles of esophagus and other GI organs, propelling bolus.
23
Q
What is a bolus?
A
Mass of ingested food, chewed and swallowed.
24
Q
What are the three main parts of the stomach?
A
Fundus: upper portion
Body: middle section
Antrum: lower portion
25
What are sphincters?
Rings of muscle control opening into and out of stomach.
Prevent food from regurgitating (flowing backward).
26
What is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?
Relaxes and contracts to allow food from esophagus to enter stomach.
27
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Allows food to leave stomach and enter small intestine.
28
What are the folds of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach called? What do they do?
Rugae.
Increase SA for digestion. Contain glands that produces enzyme pepsin (begins breakdown of proteins)
29
What is hydrochloride acid for?
Secreted to digest protein.
30
What is the stomach’s main job?
Prepare food for small intestine (whee further digestion and absorption into bloodstream take place)
31
What is the small intestine? What are the three parts?
Aka the small bowel.
Extends for 20 feet from pyloric sphincter of stomach to large intestine.
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
32
What is the duodenum?
Receives food from stomach, bile from liver and gallbladder, pancreatic juices from pancreas.
Helps digest food before it passes to jejunum.
About a foot long.
First part of small intestine.
33
What is the jejunum?
Second part of small intestine.
8 feet long.
Connects ileum.
34
What is the ileum?
Attaches to first part of large intestine.
About 11 feet long.
35
What is villi?
Microscopic projections that line walls of small intestine.
Tiny capillaries in villi absorb digestive nutrients into blood stream and lymph vessels.
36
What is the large intestine? What are the three main components?
Aka large bowel.
Extends from ileum to the anus.
1. Cecum: pouch on right side that connects ileum at ileocecal valve. Appendix hangs from.
2. Colon: 5 feet long, four segments. ATDS.
3. Rectum
37
What is are the parts of the colon?
Ascending colon: extends from cecum to under surface of liver where a.colon turns left at (hepatic flexure) to become T. Colon.
Transverse colon: passes horizontally to left toward spleen then turns downward (splenic flexure) to become d.c.
Descending colon.
Sigmoid: S shaped. Leads to rectum.
38
What is the liver? Where is located? What is bile?
Located in RUQ.
Manufactures thick, orange/black/greenish substance called bile.
Bile contains cholesterol (fatty substance), bile pigments.
Bilirubin - produces from breakdown of hemoglobin during normal RBC destruction. Pigment.
39
What is the gallbladder?
The cystic duct leads to the gallbladder.
It is a pear shaped sac under liver, which stores and concentrates the bile for later use.
Ie) after meals, gallbladder contracts forcing bladder from cystic duct into common bile duct.
40
What does the pancreas secrete?
Secretes pancreatic juice (enzymes) released into pancreatic duct which joins common bile duct at duodenum.
41
What are some other functions of the liver?
- helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
- manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
- releases bilirubin
- removes toxins/poisons from blood
42
What kind of organ is the pancreas? Exo or endo?
Exocrine and endocrine.
Exocrine - produces enzymes like lipase (digests fat), amylase (starch), and protease (protein).
Endocrine - secretes insulin, needed to help release sugar from blood and acts as carrier to bring glucose into cells for energy.
43
List the food pathway through the GI tract.
Food enters:
| - oral cavity
44
Vocab: absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into bloodstream.
45
Vocab: amino acid
Small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested.
46
Vocab: amylase
Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)
47
Vocab: anus
Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
48
Vocab: appendix
Pouch hanging from the cecum (in RLQ).
| Literal meaning: hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, a form of ad-)
49
Vocab: bile
Digestive juice made in liver, stored in gallbladder.
It emulsifies large fat globules.
50
Vocab: bilirubin
Pigment released by liver in bile.
51
Vocab: bowel
Intestine.
52
Vocab: canine teeth
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to incisors.
53
Vocab: cecum
First part of large intestine
54
Vocab: colon
Portion of large intestine consisting of A, T, D, S
55
Vocab: common bile duct
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to duodenum.
56
Vocab: defecation
Elimination of feces from digestive tract through anus
57
Vocab: deglutition
Swallowing.
58
Vocab: dentin
Primary material found in teeth’s covered by enamel in crown, and protective layer of cementum in root.
59
Vocab: digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
60
Vocab: duodenum
First part of small intestine.
61
Vocab: elimination
Act of removing materials from body.
62
Vocab: emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller, increasing SA that enzymes can use to digest fat
63
Vocab: enamel
Hard, outermost layer of tooth.
64
Vocab: enzyme
Chemical that speeds up reaction between substances.
Digestive enzymes break down complex foods into simpler substances.
65
Vocab: esophagus
Tube connecting throat to stomach.
66
Vocab: fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested.
67
Vocab: feces
Solid waste or stool.
68
Vocab: gallbladder
Small sac under live that stores and concentrated bile.
69
Vocab: glucose
Simple sugar.
70
Vocab: glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in from of glycogen in liver cells.
71
Vocab: hydrochloric acid
Substance produced in stomach; necessary for digestion.
72
Vocab: ileum
Third part of small intestine.
73
Vocab: incisors
Any one of four front teeth.
74
Vocab: insulin
Hormone produced from endocrine cells of pancreas.
Transports sugar from blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by liver.
75
Vocab: jejunum
Second part of small intestine.
76
Vocab: lipase
A pancreatic enzyme to digest fats.
77
Vocab: liver
Large organ located in RUQ.
Secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, vitamins, produces blood proteins, destroys worn out RBCs, filters out toxins.
78
Vocab: lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach.
79
Vocab: mastication
Chewing.
80
Vocab: molar teeth
6th, 7th, 8th teeth from middle on either side.
81
Vocab: palate
Roof of the mouth.
Hard palate lies anterior to soft palate.
82
Vocab: pancreas
Organ behind stomach.
Produces insulin, and enzymes.
83
Vocab: papillae
Small projections on tongue.
84
Vocab: parotid gland
Salivary glands within cheek, anterior to ears.
85
Vocab: peristalsis
Rhythmic contraction of tubular organs.
86
Vocab: pharynx
Throat.
87
Vocab: portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines.
88
Vocab: protease
Enzyme that digests protein.
89
Vocab: pulp
Soft tissue in tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
90
Vocab: pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscle, at end of stomach near duodenum.
91
Vocab: pylorus
Distal region of stomach, opening to duodenum.
92
Vocab: rectum
Last section of large intestine, connecting end of colon and anus
93
Vocab: rugae
Ridges on hard palate and wall of stomach.
94
Vocab: saliva
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands, contains amylase which digests starch to sugar.
95
Vocab: salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.
96
Vocab: sigmoid colon
Fourth and last S-shaped part of colon, just before rectum.
97
Vocab: sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes natural opening.
98
Vocab: stomach
Muscular organ that receives food from esophagus
Parts are: the fundus, the body, and the antrum
99
Vocab: triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three part fatty acids and one part glycerol.
100
Vocab: uvula
Soft tissue hanging from soft palate.
101
Vocab: villi
Microscopic projections on walls of small intestine that absorb nutrients into bloodstream.
102
Combining form meaning; an/o
Anus
103
Combining form meaning; append/o?
Appendix.
104
Combining form meaning; bucc/o?
Cheek.
105
Combining form meaning; cec/o?
Cecum.
106
Combining form meaning; celi/o
Belly, abdomen.
107
Combining form meaning; cheil/o?
Lip.
108
Combining form meaning; cholecyst/o?
Gallbladder.
109
Combining form meaning; choldedoch?
Common bile duct.
110
Combining form meaning; col/o, colon/o?
Colon.
111
Combining form meaning; dent/i?
Tooth.
112
Combining form meaning; duoden/o?
Duodenum.
113
Combining form meaning; enter/o?
Intestines, usually small.
114
Combining form meaning; esophag/o?
Esophagus.
115
Combining form meaning; faci/o?
Face.
116
Combining form meaning; gastr/o?
Stomach.
117
Combining form meaning; gingiv/o?
Gums.
118
Combining form meaning; gloss/o?
Tongue.
119
Combining form meaning; hepat/o?
Liver.
120
Combining form meaning; ile/o?
Ileum.
121
Combining form meaning; jejun/o?
Jejunum.
122
Combining form meaning; labi/o?
Lip.
123
Combining form meaning; lapar/o?
Abdomen.
124
Combining form meaning; lingu/o?
Tongue.
125
Combining form meaning; mandibul/o?
Mandible, lower jaw.
126
Combining form meaning; odont/o?
Tooth.
127
Combining form meaning; or/o?
Mouth.
128
Combining form meaning; palat/o?
Palate.
129
Combining form meaning; pancreat/o?
Pancreas.
130
Combining form meaning; peritone/o?
Peritoneum.
131
Combining form meaning; pharyng/o?
Throat.
132
Combining form meaning; proct/o?
Anus and rectum.
133
Combining form meaning; pylor/o?
Pyloric sphincter.
134
Combining form meaning; rect/o?
Rectum.
135
Combining form meaning; sialaden/o?
Salivary gland.
136
Combining form meaning; sigmoid/o?
Sigmoid colon.
137
Combining form meaning; stomat/o?
Mouth.
138
Combining form meaning; uvul/o?
Uvula.
139
Combining form meaning; amyl/o?
Starch.
140
Combining form meaning; bil/i?
Gall, bile.
141
Combining form meaning; bilirubin/o?
Bilirubin (bile pigment).
142
Combining form meaning; chol/e?
Gall, bile.
143
Combining form meaning; chlorhydr/o?
Hydrochloric acid.
144
Combining form meaning; gluc/o?
Sugar.
145
Combining form meaning; glyc/o?
Sugar.
146
Combining form meaning; glycogen/o?
Glycogen, animal starch.
147
Combining form meaning; lip/o?
Fat, lipid.
148
Combining form meaning; lith/o?
Stone.
149
Combining form meaning; prote/o?
Protein.
150
Combining form meaning; py/o?
Pus.
151
Combining form meaning; sial/o?
Saliva, salivary.
152
Combining form meaning; steat/o?
Fat.
153
Suffix meaning; -ase
Enzyme
154
Suffix meaning; -chezia
Defecation, elimination of wastes
155
Suffix meaning; -iasis
Abnormal condition
156
Suffix meaning; -prandial
Meal
157
What does etiology mean?
Referring to the cause of a treatment.
Eti/o = cause.
158
What does idiopathic mean?
When the etiology (cause) is not understood the condition is idiopathic.
Idi/o = unknown.
159
What is anorexia? What is it a sign of?
A lack of appetite.
Sign of malignancy or liver disease .
160
What is ascites?
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen.
Occurs when fluid passes from bloodstream and collects in peritoneal cavity.
Sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in abdomen.
161
What is borborygmi (borborygmus)?
Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract.
162
What is constipation?
Difficulty in passing stools/feces.
163
What is diarrhea?
The frequent passage of loose watery stools.
164
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty in swallowing.
Can be due to physical obstruction or motor disorder.
165
What is eructation.
Has expelled from stomach to mouth.
Belching.
166
What is flatus?
Has expelled from anus.
167
What is hematochezia?
Passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum.
Cause: usually hemorrhoid, colitis, ulcers, polyps, or cancer.
168
What is jaundice (icterus)?
Yellow/organs coloration of skin and whites of eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in blood.
169
What is melena?
Black, tarry stools; contain digested blood.
Usually reflects condition in which blood has had time to digest and results from bleeding in upper GI tract.
170
What is nausea?
Unpleasant feeling in stomach with tendency to vomit.
Common causes: motion sickness, early pregnancy, viral gastroenteritis.
171
What is streatorrhea?
Fat in feces.
Improper digestion or absorption of fat causes fat to remain in intestine.
Can be sign of intestinal disease involving malabsorption of fat.
172
What is aphthous stomatitis?
Inflammation of mouth with small, painful ulcers.
Canker sores.
173
What are dental caries?
Tooth decay.
Dental plaque results from accumulation, bacteria grown in black and cause production of acid that dissolve tooth enamel = cavity
174
What is hermetic stomatitis?
Inflammation of mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus.
Painful fluid filled blisters. Cold sores.
175
What is oral leukoplakia?
White plaques or patches on mucosa of mouth.
Precancerous lesion. Result from chronic tobacco use.
176
What is periodontal disease?
Inflammation and regeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
177
What is achalasia?
Failure of LES to relax.
Results from loss of peristalsis, so good can’t pass easily.
178
What is esophageal cancer?
Malignant tumour of the esophagus.
179
What are esophageal varices?
Swollen, varicose veins at lower end of esophagus.
Liver disease causes increased pressure in veins near and around liver, leads to enlarged esophageal veins with danger of hemorrhage or bleeding.
180
What is gastric cancer?
A malignant tumour of the stomach.
Causes: smoking, alcohol, chronic gastritis associated with bacterial infections.
181
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach.
Heartburn caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from stomach to esophagus.
182
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of organ or part through tissue and muscles normally containing it.
Hiatal hernia - stomach protrudes upward through diaphragm (can lead to GERD)
Inguinal hernia - loop of bowel protrudes through weak lower abdominal wall tissue surrounding muscles
183
What is a peptic ulcer?
Open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum.
184
What is anal fistula?
Abnormal tubelike passage near anus.
Results from break or fissure in wall of anus, or abscess (infected area) there
185
What are colonic polyps?
Polyps (benign growths) protrude from mucous membrane of colon.
186
What is colorectal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both.
Can arise from: polyps in colon or recital region
Diagnosis: blood in stool, colonoscopy.
Prognosis depends on stage
187
What is Crohn’s?
Chronic inflammation of intestinal tract.
Can occur anywhere mouth to anus, most commonly in ileum.
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)
188
What is diverticulosis?
Abnormal outpourings (diverticula) in intestinal wall of colon.
189
What is dysentery?
Painful inflammation of intestines cause by bacterial infection.
Ie) ingestion of food or water containing bacteria
190
What are hemorrhoids?
Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in rectal region
Can be internal or external to anal sphincter.
Causes: pregnancy, constipation.
191
What is ileus?
Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of intestines.
192
What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Inflammation of colon and small intestine.
Can be result of crohns or ulcerative colitis.
193
What is intussusception?
Telescoping of the intestines.
One segment of bowel collapses into opening of another segment.
194
What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Group of GI symptoms; abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in intestines.
195
What is ulcerative colitis?
Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
196
What is volvulus?
Twisting of intestine on itself.
Causes intestinal obstruction, severe pain, nausea and vomiting.
Absence of bowel sounds: clinics features.
197
What is the cholelithiasis?
Gallstone in the gallbladder.
198
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic degenerative disease of liver.
Results from: chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, etc.
Lobes of liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, liver infiltrates with fat.
199
What is hepatocellular carcinoma? HCC
Liver cancer.
Cancer that’s starts in liver; primary.
Secondary; starts in other organ metastasizes to liver.
Commonly associated with hep B and C infections and cirrhosis.
200
What is pancreatic cancer?
Malignant tumour of pancreas.
Occurs in head of pan. Close to duodenum where it can clog ducts.
Causes unknown, more common in smokers, people with diabetes, and chronic pancreatitis.
201
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage gland.
202
What is viral hepatitis?
Inflammation of liver caused by a virus.
Hep A - caused by hep a virus HAV, spread by contaminated food/water, characterized by slow onset of symptoms
Hep B - cause by hep b virus HBV, transmitted by sex contact, blood transfusion, contaminated needles.
Hep C - caused by HCV, transmitted by blood transfusions or needles
