Chapter 10 Personality: Module 31

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.

Question 2

Psychodynamic approaches to personality

Answer 2

Approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.

Question 3

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.

Question 4

Unconscious

Answer 4

A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

Question 5

Preconcious

Answer 5

Contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind.

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the superego. Judge.

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person’s parents, teachers, and other important figures.

Question 9

Psychosexual stages

Answer 9

Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

Question 10

Fixations

Answer 10

Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

Question 11

Oral stage

Answer 11

According to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which and infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth.

Question 12

Anal stage

Answer 12

According to Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus.

Question 13

Phallic stage

Answer 13

According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals.

Question 14

Oedipal conflict

Answer 14

A child’s sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.

Question 15

Identification

Answer 15

The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.

Question 16

Latency period

Answer 16

According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.

Question 17

Genital stage

Answer 17

According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior; sex.

Question 18

Defense mechanisms

Answer 18

In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others.

Question 19

Repression

Answer 19

The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

Question 20

Neurotic anxiety

Answer 20

Irrational impulses emanating from the id threaten to burst through and become uncontrollable.

Question 21

Regression

Answer 21

People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.

Question 22

Displacement

Answer 22

The expression of unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one.

Question 23

Rationalization

Answer 23

People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.

Question 24

Denial

Answer 24

People refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information.

Question 25

Projection

Answer 25

People attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

Question 26

Sublimation

Answer 26

People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Question 27

Reaction formation

Answer 27

Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness.

Question 28

Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts

Answer 28

Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.

Question 29

Collective uncoscious

Answer 29

According to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past.

Question 30

Archetypes

Answer 30

According to Jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil).

Question 31

Inferiority complex

Answer 31

According to Adler, a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world.