Chapter 10 pt 1

Question 1

manor

Answer 1

agricultural estate ran by a lord & worked by peasants, because the land owning nobles needed time to practice the arts of war

manorialism was an economic system similar to feudalism, where the serfs had a fixed service, while they received land and protection by the lord.

Question 2

serf

Answer 2

peasants legally bound to land, some lords had peasants work & and pay rent for the land, they worked 3 days a week and 1/3-1/2 of the land was considered the lord’s. they were NOT slaves, as they got to keep their portion of land, working definitions were fixed, and the lords served to protect them.

Question 3

money economy

Answer 3

economic system based on money, rather than bartering. It emerged when trading in 900s kicked up, merchants then held fairs to sell goods for other kinds, and gold was put on the list of items. It slowly came into use as the demand for gold increased.

Question 4

commercial capitalism

Answer 4

economic system in which people invested in trade & goods to make profits, formed when money economy did.

Question 5

guild

Answer 5

a business association formed by craftsmen when trading was revived and manufacturing became popular.

Question 6

masterpiece

Answer 6

a finished piece of a journeyman’s craft that allowed them to become a master in their trade if an actual master said it was good enough.

Question 7

bourgeoisie

Answer 7

Came from the German word “burg” which means walled closure, they were merchants and artisans that settled around a castle for the reasons that they were near trading routes and the kings would provide them protection.

Question 8

patricians

Answer 8

members of the most wealthy and powerful families, they were rigged to be elected into city councils, being judges and city officials.

Question 9

carruca

Answer 9

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plow blade, it was one of the labor saving inventions of the High Middle Ages,

Question 10

Venice

Answer 10

a major trading center in Italy, it had a fleet of trading ships, many cities in Italy became lead trading centers when trading started to become popular again

Question 11

Flanders

Answer 11

was located around present-day Belgium and Northern France, a series of towns, it was known for its much wanted, high-quality woolen cloth. It was a trading center due to its location, merchants from all around met there to trade.

Trade of Flanders eventually mixed with Italy’s, and fairs were raised to encourage the sale of goods.

Question 12

What were the most important factors leading to the dramatic increase in population during the High Middle Ages?

Answer 12

European conditions were more peaceful and settled, and after 1000 food production increased dramatically. The food production increased due to better weather, the cultivating of more land, and technological advancements.

Question 13

What legal rights did the lords have over the serfs?

Answer 13

Serfs could not leave the manor or marry anyone outside of the manor without the lord’s permission and lords could try peasants in their own courts because they held the political power, and serfs had to pay for certain services.

Question 14

What role did peasant women play in manorial society?

Answer 14

they worked in the fields and also bore children. They managed the household.

Question 15

Why were the towns of Flanders busy trading centers?

Answer 15

The towns of Flanders were busy trading centers because due to the location merchants from England, Scandinavia, France, and Germany met there to trade their goods for woolen cloth.

Question 16

Where did towns tend to be located and why did they appear there?

Answer 16

Towns tended to be along trade routes, they appeared there because merchants and artisans would settle around the castle that was originally built there, if the settlement was successful it would then have new walls built around it, forming cities.

Merchants settled there for protection and the reason they were close to routes.

Question 17

List three physical characteristics of medieval cities.

Answer 17

Cities were crowded, dirty and polluted, and there were public baths.

crowding led to quick spread of disease and if there was a fire, all buildings would burn quickly. The air smelled of human and animal waste, fires polluted the air, and businesses polluted the rivers, butchers with blood, tanners with acids, hair, fat, and other things.

Question 18

What role did guilds play in the economic life of the cities?

Answer 18

Since craftsmen made business groups, the economic life grew, guilds appeared for almost everything, putting goods up for market. Guilds also specified the quality, development, price of finished goods, and who and how one could join.

They grew and directed the economy.

One who learned a trade first became apprentice to a master crafts-person, unpaid. After 5-7 years they became journeymen and got wages under masters. Next step was master, if they made a masterpiece.

Question 19

lay investiture

Answer 19

This occurred when nonreligious rulers of the Church chose nominees for office.

Originally in the Papacy, church officials were elected by nobles, but would hold office in vassalage meaning many were usually non-concerned with spiritual duties. This led to a reform, but then lay investiture led to a problem.

Question 20

interdict

Answer 20

The interdict was a spiritual weapon that Pope Innocent III used to reach political ends. The interdict forbade priests from giving sacraments to certain peoples, resulting in people deprived from the comforts religion to putting pressure on their kings.

Question 21

sacrament

Answer 21

Christian rites, the practices of Christianity

Question 22

heresy

Answer 22

The denial of basic church doctrines, began to occur with the revival of religious fervor in the 1000s-1100s. Heretical movements were especially of southern France.

Question 23

Inquisition

Answer 23

A court considered the Holy Office, used to deal with heresy: the job was to find and try heretics, developing a regular procedure for this. Dominicans were known for being examiners. If a heretic confessed he was publicly flogged. In 1252 they were tortured until they confessed.If they still didn’t they were executed.

Question 24

relic

Answer 24

Bones or a possession of a saint, it was believed these objects were a connection between the earthly world and God, and that these relics could produce miracles.

Question 25

Pope Gregory VII

Answer 25

Elected in 1073, he wished to solve the problem of lay investiture. He declared that pope's authority extended to the entire Christian world including the rulers, and that the Church should have the right to appoint clergy and run its own affairs, and the nonreligious (secular) rulers would be removed. In 1075 he issued a law stating high-ranking clerics could not be elected if their ruler was not religious.

Question 26

Henry IV

Answer 26

A king of Germany who ruled during Gregory VII's time, in conflict of his claims; German kings depended on high-ranking clerics as vassals for administration, otherwise they would not retain power against the powerful German nobles. He did not obey Gregory's demands. This difference started the Investiture Controversy and continued with new rulers until the Concordat of Worms.

Question 27

Pope Innocent III

Answer 27

In the 1200s the Catholic Church reached he height of its political power under his rule. He was convinced the pope was to be involved with all of Europe's affairs and told Philip Augustus and King John of England what to do. To do this he used spiritual weapons, the interdict is what caused Philip to restore his wife as queen of France, as Innocent wanted.

Question 28

Hildegard of Bingen

Answer 28

An abbess for a religious house for females in Germany. She was an important composer who contributed to Gregorian chant, sacred music was specifically at the time, a domain for men. Women were especially religious, women that with no intent of marriage or widows, taking the life of nuns or abbesses.

Question 29

Saint Francis of Assisi

Answer 29

Founded one of the religious orders of the 1200s, the Franciscans. He himself was born wealthy but was captured and imprisoned during a local war. Under captivity had dramatic spiritual experiences, leading him to abandon material pursuits and worldly goods living and preaching in poverty and working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyfulness, and love for others led to his followers.

Question 30

Papal States

Answer 30

Territories in central Italy that were controlled by popes of the Catholic Church, keeping the popes in touch with political matters

Question 31

Concordat of Worms

Answer 31

In 1122 a new German king and a new pope reached an agreement. Under this agreement a bishop in Germany was elected by Church officials, this bishop would take on vassalage and earthly office under the king, but would also hold the pope's spiritual office.

Question 32

Cistercians

Answer 32

An order of monks who believed monasticism should be more disciplined. They were strict, eating a simple diet, wearing only one robe. Decorations were unused in their spaces and took more time laboring and praying. They developed a new model for 1100s Europe, taking their religion outside the monastery.

Question 33

Franciscans

Answer 33

A religious order was formed in the 1200s, founded by Saint Francis of Assisi, they agreed to reject all property and live by working and begging for their food. They were popular, lived among people, preaching and aiding the poor. They were unlike other orders in this way, taking missionary work, living in the world.

Question 34

Dominicans

Answer 34

Another religious order of the 1200s along with the Franciscan. It was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. He wished to defend Church teachings from heresy, as new ideas led to heretical movements. He figured the best way to do this was with poor preaching people.

Question 35

What was the significance of the Concordat of Worms?

Answer 35

The Concordat settled the Investiture Controversy between German kings and the popes, allowing both to continue hold their powers in Europe. It officially recognized the papacy's right to elect its own bishops.

Question 36

What impact did the Franciscans and Dominicans have on the lives of people in the thirteenth century?

Answer 36

Both orders encouraged poverty, rejection of property and preaching, furthering religious practices in a way not seen before, as these people lived in the world, not in a monastery. Dominicans would torture and murder people, while Franciscans often brightened peoples' days. They carried out a new way of life, living simple.

Question 37

Why were saints important to Christians in the High Middle Ages?

Answer 37

Saints were considered to have a place in heaven and served to ask favors from God and helped protect and help people.