Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery

Question 1

Description of Renaissance

Answer 1

Rebirth of classical and ancient culture/learning. Transition from medieval to modern times. A gradual release of the full whole nature of man. Revival of ancient learning and culture. Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture.

Question 2

Difference between Medieval and Renaissance Europe

Answer 2

Econ: Agriculture vs Trade, Industry and Marketing

Religious: Focused on the here/after vs the here and now and focus on worldly subjects.

Question 3

Reasons Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance

Answer 3

Geography (the gateway between the east and the west), the growth/competition of city-states, the Holy Roman Empire, patrons, trade and commerce

Question 4

Italian city states that played a key role in trade between Europe and Near East

Answer 4

Florence, Milan, Venice, the Papal States and Naples

Question 5

Results of the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire

Answer 5

Underneath the power struggle between the Pope and the HRE, the city-states were allowed to rise and become independent from both powerful entities.

Question 6

Consequences of social strife and competition in Italian city-states

Answer 6

Rise of despots

Question 7

Reaction of lower classes of Florence because of the Black Death

Answer 7

1378: Ciompi Revolt

Question 8

Cosimo de Medici

Answer 8

Comes to power to 1444-1464, establishes stability in Florence

Question 9

Professions of humanists

Answer 9

Teachers, poets, playwrights, orators, diplomats, secretaries

Question 10

Facts about Francesco Petrarch

Answer 10

Father of Humanism. Collected ancient and classical manuscripts and documents. Wrote Sonnets to Laura.

Question 11

Facts about Humanism

Answer 11

A study of Greek and Latin classics/ancient church doctrines. Focused on worldly subjects and the humanities. Driving force of the Renaissance.

Question 12

Civic Humanism

Answer 12

Wisdom eloquently spoken, knowledge of good and the ability to inspire others to desire it. Practical wisdom, instead of being just book smart, being able to apply it.

Question 13

Baldassare Castiglione

Answer 13

Wrote Book of the Courtier, which described how people in court should act: diverse in knowledge, musical ability, athletic, bi-lingual, cite poetry. Women were expected to be beautiful, graceful, charming, and a complement to men (not above them).

Question 14

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

Answer 14

Realism and Expression, Perspective, Classicism (contrapposto), Individualism, Geometrical Arrangement (triangles), Light and Shadowing (chiaroscuro and sfumato)

Question 15

Significance of Giotto to the Renaissance

Answer 15

Father of Renaissance painting

Question 16

Masters of the High Renaissance

Answer 16

Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Botticelli

Question 17

Leonardo da Vinci’s works

Answer 17

Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, Last Supper, Virgin of the Rocks, Equestrian Statue

Question 18

Raphael’s works

Answer 18

School of Athens, The Betrothal of the Virgin, The Madonna Series, Liberation of St. Peter

Question 19

Michelangelo’s works

Answer 19

Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, The Pieta, The Last Judgement

Question 20

Treaty of Lodi

Answer 20

Treaty that joined Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papal States, but also stated that if a foreign enemy were to attack, all five could present a united front

Question 21

Ludovico il Moro

Answer 21

Invited the French to come in through his land (Milan) to conquer Naples and follow through with their dynastic claim

Question 22

The First French Invasion

Answer 22

In 1490, Ludovico il Moro became Milan’s despot from the Sforza family. In 1494, Naples threatened Milan and was backed by Florence and Alexander VI. In response, Ludovico invited Charles VII of France to invade Naples.

Arriving in Florence, Piero de Medici didn’t want to get destroyed so he just handed Charles VII a bunch of land, like Pisa. Then Girolamo Savonarola rallied people to exile Piero and tried to run Florence as a theocracy.

Getting nervous, Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice. With the combined powers of the HRE, Papal States, Venice, and Milan, France was forced to retreat in 1495.

Years: 1490-1495

Question 23

The Second French Invasion

Answer 23

Pope Alexander VI is a crooked pope, very interested in Cesare’s (his son) career. So he invites the French in again to gain land without getting into a war himself.

Louis XII is France’s king and is not eager to invade. So, Alex does favors such as giving France a cardinal hat, endowing Louis’ marriage, and leaving the League of Venice.

1500: Naples is split up between France and Spain.

Question 24

The Third French Invasion

Answer 24

1511: Holy League was formed by Pope Julius II to drive out the French. He was known as “The Warrior Pope.” Establish Swiss guard to protect the papacy.
1515: French armies led by Francis I massacred Swiss soldiers, and the Concordat of Bologna was secured in 1516 by French.

Question 25

Facts about Pope Julius II

Answer 25

- Known as "The Warrior Pope" - First pope to don a beard since the 1200s - Swiss guard established to protect papacy - Stages bullfights in papal office

Question 26

Facts about the Concordat of Bologna

Answer 26

1516. Allowed French king control over French clergy (Gallican Liberties)

Question 27

Characteristics of Machiavelli

Answer 27

- Nationalist: wanted to unite Italy - Humanist: Loved Roman political history - Republican: Believed that an elected body of edu. officials would be best for Italy. Not a democracy, because most of the layity was uneducated. - Wrote "The Prince"

Question 28

The Prince

Answer 28

1513. Written by Machiavelli. Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent's grandson, and hoped that the dedication would lead to Medici rising and leading a republic. It's okay for kings to do whatever as long as subjects fear their leader for kings to maintain power. "It's better to be feared than loved." "The ends justify the means."

Question 29

Factors which led to the transition from Feudal to National Monarchies

Answer 29

Black Death, Hundred Years' War, The Great Schism, relationship between king and town

Question 30

Groups affected by taxation by the 15th and 16th century monarchs

Answer 30

Lower class/Peasantry. Nobles and clergy were excluded from taxation.

Question 31

The War of Roses (Date, Players, Outcomes)

Answer 31

1455-1485. York and Lancaster families. York: Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III. Lancaster: Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VII Results in Tudor reign.

Question 32

Role/impact of the Valois dynasty on the French monarchy

Answer 32

Philip VI “the Fortunate,” Charles VII “The Dauphin/the Victorious.” Louis XI “Cunning or Universal Spider”

Question 33

Significant action and achievements of King Louis XI

Answer 33

Dissolution of Burgundy and started a national postal service

Question 34

Circumstances surrounding the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

Answer 34

Portugal and France were opposed to the marriage, saw it as a threat.

Question 35

Accomplishments of Ferdinand and Isabella

Answer 35

Securing borders, exploration, conquering foreign territory, subduing disloyal factions

Question 36

Regions of conflict between the "One" vs. the "Many"

Answer 36

One: France, England, Spain. Many: HRE

Question 37

Representative Assemblies of major European countries

Answer 37

- England: Parliament. Has two assemblies: House of Lords, House of Commons. - Spain: The Cortez. - France: The Estates General. - HRE: The Reichstag.

Question 38

Characteristics of Northern Humanists

Answer 38

Came from all walks of life/varied background, common people were the main audience, more focused on religious reform.

Question 39

Erasmus and his impact

Answer 39

1466-1536. Prince of Humanists. Devout Catholic, wanted church to change. Wrote adages. Greatest achievement was the Greek and Latin Editions of the New Testament.

Question 40

Premiere Humanists

Answer 40

``` England: Thomas Moore. France: Jacques and Burde Germany: Rudolf Agricola, Conrad Keltis and Ulrich von Hutten, and Johann Reuchlin. Spain: Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros. Netherlands: Erasmus ```

Question 41

Facts about the Printing Press

Answer 41

- Johann von Guttenburg developed it - Increased the literacy of the layity (peasantry) - Printer’s Guild had great econ success. - Humanists could now spread their ideas over borders - Used for propaganda

Question 42

Portugal's role in the slave trade to Europe

Answer 42

The Portuguese delivered 150,000 slaves to Europe in the second half of the 15th century

Question 43

Famous European discoverers and roles in voyages

Answer 43

``` Prince Henry “The Navigator" -- Amerigo Vespucci -- Bartholomew Dias -- Bosco de Gama – made a trade route for spices around the Cape of Good Hope to India Ferdinand Magellan -- ```

Question 44

What land did the Aztec rule during the Spanish Conquest?

Answer 44

Central America

Question 45

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 45

He was critical of how the conquistadors treated the native population. He believed that "conquest was not necessary for conversion."

Question 46

The role played by Pizzaro in the conquest of the New World

Answer 46

Conquered the Incas, ruled South America

Question 47

The role played by Cortez in the conquest of the New World

Answer 47

Conquered the Aztecs, Central America

Question 48

A formal grant to the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians

Answer 48

Encomienda

Question 49

Device requiring adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annyally to Spanish economic enterprises

Answer 49

Repartimiento. Harsh labor, some didn't survive, limitation on labor time led some Spanish managers to abuse their workers.

Question 50

3 major components of colonial economy of Latin America

Answer 50

Shipping, Mining, Agriculture

Question 51

Consequences of European Exploration of the New World

Answer 51

Spain's economic growth and political power goes up, plants and animals are introduced to both the New World and Europe (tobacco, corn, potatoes introduced to Europe), disease