Chapter 108 - anemia Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 108 - anemia Deck (25)
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1
Q

Animals with haemolysis usually have hyperbilirubinema & hyperbilirubinuria, with or without hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria. T/F?

A

T

2
Q

What demographic data will let you rule out haemophilia A and B in a patient?

A

X-linked recessive, affects males only

3
Q

How does anaemia trigger tachypnoea?

A

acidemia and/or hypoxemia –> stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors –> increased respiratory rate

4
Q

What is the most common hereditary coagulopathy in cats? Clinical significance?

A

Factor XII deficiency - does not cause clinical bleeding

5
Q

At what serum bilirubin concentration is visible icterus expected?

A

2mg/dL

6
Q

Why is cyanosis less likely to be seen in anaemic hypoxic animals?

A

Cyanosis requires 5g/dL of unoxygenated Hb. If PCV = 15, will need to be 100% deoxygenated.
Hb (g/dL) x 3 ~= Hct.

7
Q

What compensatory mechanisms occur with acute tissue hypoxia?

A
  1. selective peripheral vasoconstriction: shunting of blood from skin etc to brain, kidney, heart
  2. augmented cardiac output (increased HR & SV initially, followed by cardiomegaly) - mild systolic basilar murmur may be heard
  3. R shift in the Hb-O2 dissociation curve due to increased metabolic acidity (Bohr effect; dogs & cats) & increased conc of 2,3-diphosphoglyceride (dogs) –> reduced Hb-O2 affinity
  4. decreased activity
  5. erythropoietin-mediated accelerated erythropoiesis (takes 5-7 days for maximal effect)
8
Q

An absolute reticulocyte of less than what indicates a non-regenerative anaemia?

A

40,000/mcL

9
Q

Why are nRBCs a poor parameter for assessing regeneration in small animals?

A

non-specific - also seen with lead poisoning, sepsis, heatstroke, neoplasia (esp HSA), hyperadrenocorticism

10
Q

1 platelet/HPF (high power field) = ~how many peripheral platelets?

A

15,000/mcL

11
Q

How many platelets are expected per HPF in a normal dog blood smear (non-grey)

A

8-15

12
Q

How many neutrophils should be seen per HPF in a normal dog?

A

should be ~1 per 3 HPFs

13
Q

How does hypophosphataemia cause haemolysis?

A

Depletion of ATP and 2,3-DPG leads to spherocytosis, red cell membrane rigidity and shorted survival.

14
Q

At what level of hypophosphataemia is haemolysis expected?

A

severe - <1mg/dL

15
Q

Hereditary factor VII deficiency has been reported in which breeds? Clinical significance?

A

Beagles, Alaskan Klee Kais, Scottish Deerhounds - mild bleeding tendency

16
Q

Describe the clinical relevance of PIVKA (proteins

induced by vitamin K antagonism or absence) testing in suspected rodenticide toxicity?

A

Modified PT test, neither more sensitive or specific cf PT - no additional diagnostic value

17
Q

List 2 tests to screen for vWD

A

ELISA

BMBT

18
Q

What platelet count is needed to confirm thrombocytopathia with BMBT? i.e. avoid false positives

A

100,000/mcL

19
Q

Anemic tachypneic animals with cardiovascular instability may benefit from O2 therapy. T/F?

A

T

20
Q

First line treatment for minor bleeding in a dog with vWD?

A

Desmopressin 1-4mcg/kg SC q3-4h

Only if type 1 or mild type 2

21
Q

Why are animals with chronic but decompensated anaemia at risk of volume overload with transfusion?

A

Generally normovolemic with maximal compensatory HR/SV +/- cardiomegaly

22
Q

What metal intoxication can lead to anemia?

A

Zinc and copper

23
Q

Give examples of infectious diseases associated with anemia in dogs? cats?

A

Dogs: babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, mycoplasma, leishmania, leptospira
Cats: FIV, FeLV, FIP, mycoplasma, cytauxzoon felis

24
Q

What is the the most consistent RBC change with chronic anemia (non-aplastic)?

A

Hypochromasia

25
Q

Autoagglutination is very specific for IMHA. T/F

A

F. It could be caused by formation of rouleaux

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