Chapter 11 Flashcards by A M

recall that the introduction to chapter 11 describes several of the citizen-heroes of September 11, 2001. The text identifies these people as:
A) people pressured into making irrational decisions
B) people with few ties in their communities
C) ordinary citizens who found themselves in extraordinary circumstances
D) people motivated by external rewards and expectations

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recall that the introduction to chapter 11 describes several of the citizen-heroes of September 11, 2001 - for example, William Wik, who refused to flee to personal safety bc there were still ppl to be rescued. He died when a tower collapsed. Wik was willing to sacrifice his own life to save others, and his behavior could thus best be described as
A) altrustic
B) communal
C) evolutionarily adaptive
D) an example of kin selection

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Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities bc she can help others and at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in
A) altruism
B) dissonance reduction
C) hypocrisy
D) prosocial behavior

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_________ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person
A) prosocial behavior
B) altruism
C) kin selection
D) empathy

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whereas _______ is any act performed to benefit another, ________ is such an act performed w no regard for one’s safety or interests
A) altruism; prosocial behavior
B) prosocial behavior; self-help
C) prosocial behavior; altruism
D) altruism; self-sacrifice

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Prosocial behavior is to __________ as altruism is to _________
A) selflessness; pure motive
B) rewards; good mood
C) rewards; selflessness
D) feeling good; avoiding feeling bad

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Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients bc those visits help him forget about his own problems. This is an example of ______ behavior
A) altruistic
B) self-sacrificing
C) prosocial
D) reciprocal

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Prosocial behavior is ________
A) performed with the goal of benefiting another person
B) appreciated by everyone we help
C) performed w/o regard to a person’s self-interest
D) cheering on your team at their game

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Jonah was driving in his car on the road when he saw a man fall through the ice on a nearby pond. He stopped his car and crawled on his stomach on the ice out to the man who had fallen through. He helped save the man from the icy water. This is considered ________
A) a selfish act
B) prosocial behavior
C) an altruistic act
D) a power trip

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Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death, all her functioning organs (corneas, liver, kidneys, heart, etc.) will be used to help transplant patients. She’s told no one about her action, and expects nothing in return. This is an example of ___________ behavior
A) altruistic
B) evolutionary adaptive
C) self-sacrificing
D) normative

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When Jochem saw the child fall through the ice at the lake, he never hesitated and immediately dove in to save the child. This is an example of _________ behavior
A) altruistic
B) evolutionary
C) survival
D) prosocial

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_________ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper
A) prosocial behavior
B) altruism
C) empathy
D) reciprocity

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Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?
A) julie puts a dollar in the church collection basket bc everyone else donates
B) lexy volunteers at her son’s school to help out his class
C) robert anonymously donates a kidney to a 22 y.o. accident victim he will never meet
D) lou helps his wife w the dished in the hopes that she’ll cook dinner more often

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which of the following does NOT represent altruistic behavior?
A) jeff is a bystander who runs inside a burning building when he hears a mother screaming for help to save her baby
B) Danny is a soldier in battle and rushes onto the battlefield to retrieve a fallen friend
C) ian serves orphans in Mexico where drug cartels have torn the community apart
D) mark works hard at his job every day to make it easier for his coworker to do their job

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Which of the following does NOT represent prosocial behavior?
A) Joanne goes to her job every day to earn her paycheck
B) Glory tutors a young boy in math at his school
C) Jeremy purchases groceries and delivers them for his grandma
D) Jerrika counsels teens who are struggling with stress

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Evolutionary psychology is the study of ______
A) how our environment modifies inherited characteristics
B) the immediate influence our biology has on how we react to social situations
C) social behaviors as a result of genetic factors and natural selection
D) application of social psychology to the study of biological processes

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According to evolutionary theory, natural selection favors genes that promote _______
A) attractiveness
B) intelligence
C) survival
D) strength

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According to evolutionary theory, genes that lower our chances of survival are ________
A) less likely to be passed to the next generation
B) more likely “”
C) equally likely “”
D) will never be passed on to the next generation

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According to evolutionary theory, natural selection favors genes that promote individual survival. This tenet is most troublesome explaining ________
A) aggression
B) altruism
C) prosocial behavior
D) the protection of the young

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Darwin, an evolutionary theorist, found it difficult to explain altruism. From an evolutionary perspective, it would initially seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviors would _________ bc __________
A) increase; more unfit offspring might survive
B) disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring
C) disappear; only the fittest, most selfless offspring would survive
D) remain unchanged; the gene pool would become more variable

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Evolutionary psych would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents
A) samuel risks his life to save his nephew in a car accident
B) jane runs in to saver her adopted daughter from a fire
C) when alphonso was pur in the unfortunate situation of saving his wife or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son first, and his wife died
D) when larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him

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the idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as ___________
A) kin selection
B) familial selection
C) kinship bias
D) familial reciprocity

according to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection, Bob is most likely to help his _________.
A) cousin herbert
B) step-sister Sally
C) brother Ralph
D) best friend randall

according to evolutionary psychologists, why would doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? doris’s children ___________
A) are more likely to pass on her genes
B) are less likely to be able to save themselves
C) share more genes in common with doris than her parents do
D) are more likely to seek Doris out than are her parents

kin selection occurs _________ A) more often in men B) more often in women C) more often in collectivist cultures D) equally often in the two genders and in the various cultures studied

researchers found that when participants imagined a house fire, they were more likely to help some people than other people. based on these researchers' findings, it seems that in life-and death situations, _________ A) norms are more important than genetic similarity B) culture is more important than biology C) biological relatives are more likely to be helped than are nonrelatives D) women are more sensitive to norms, and men more sensitive to biology

a giant tornado is bearing down on dorothy's farmhouse. she only has time to help one other resident. based on research regarding kin selection, whom will dorothy take with her to the storm cellar A) her sister, Glenda B) her grandmother, Margaret C) her beloved dog, Toto D) her favorite farm hand, Ray

kin selection appears to be a(n) ___________ act A) ingrained B) conscious C) effortless D) purposeless

based on evidence from studies presented in the chapter on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her purse? A) your friend B) your cousin C) your sister D) you would be equally likely to help anyone

although evidence from studies presented in the chapter suggests that people are more likely to help family than stranger or friends in some situations, they also note that people are equally likely to help a friend or family member under which of the following circumstances? A) a life-threatening emergency B) a life-threatening non-emergency C) any life-threatening situation D) a non-life-threatening situation

in explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that _________ A) helpers consciously consider "biological importance" before helping B) norms have arisen to replace ingrained human behavior C) over millennia, the genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive D) the "biological importance" rule is used only in life-and-death situations

when considering altruistic behaviors, which of the following is true? A) women are more altruistic than men B) men are more altruistic than women C) men and women are equally altruistic D) neither men nor women are altruistic

when american and japanese participants were studied on the likelihood they would engage in altruistic behavior, what was the final result? A) americans are more likely to be altruistic than the Japanese B) the japanese were more likely to be altruistic than the americans C) both cultures were equally likely to be altruistic D) neither culture wanted to behave altruistically

one consequence of living by the golden rule, "do unto other as you would have them to unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by ________- A) the norm of obedience B) the norm of reciprocity C) informational social influence D) normative social influence

the norm of reciprocity is defined as _____ A) the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future B) the expectation that helping others will bring notoriety and improved social standing C) a belief that the world is fair D) a belief in karma

some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past, those who selfishly pursued their own individual interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes. this argument lies at the heart of _____ as a source of altruistic behavior A) kin selection B) social exchange C) the reciprocity norm D) the ability to learn social norms

In a group setting, one. member could take advantage of the help that he/she receives from the other group members, thereby exploiting the reciprocity norm to his/her advantage. some researchers believe that, instead ________ evolved A) gratitude B) diffusion of responsibility C) bystander effect D) volunteering

why would gratitude evolve in a social group? A) to motivate us to return help we have received from others B) to increase the costs of helping C) to make ppl feel empathy D) to facilitate group selection

helga stops and helps bjorn change a flat tire along the road bc she figures that one day she'll need help and someone will return the favor. this best illustrates the idea of _______ A) paying it forward B) reciprocity C) karmic law D) evolution

why are many biologists skeptical about the concept of group selection? A) classic evolutionary theory proposes that the process of natural selection operate only at the individual, not the group level B) humans have not lived in groups for very long in their evolutionary history C) evolutionary theory does not have any interest in examining the concept of altruism D) evolutionary theory believes it does an adequate job of explaining altruism with concepts such as rewards and costs

what is group selection? A) the act of picking out the strongest members of a group B) the idea that natural selection can operate on the group level as well as with individuals C) the idea that every group presents only their best and brightest individuals in any situation of emergency D) the act of forming groups within a community, each with a different purpose

the groups of ppl who live among those who are _______ may be more likely to survive than those ppl who live among groups of ppl who are ________. this idea is referred to as ______ A) selfless; selfish; altruism B) selfish; selfless; natural selection C) selfless; selfish; group selection D) selfish; selfless; altruism

evolutionary psychologists believe that ppl help others bc __________ A) it fills them w a warm feeling when they are done B) they will be rewarded financially for it C) they will win awards for it D) it has become ingrained in our genes

which of the following challenges to the evolutionary theory of altruism was NOT reported in your book A) why do complete strangers sometimes help each other? B) saving family may only mean we have a greater need to save loved ones C) group selection is not a universally accepted concept D) none of the research in evolutionary theory has actually been observed behaviorally

your text offers several challenges that evolutionary psych has not been able to address. which of the following would also challenge evolutionary rationales for helping behaviot? A) mario calls an ambulance to help his elderly mother, who is dying B) susan runs out into a busy freeway to save a wounded animal C) henry saves his daughter before he saves his sister from a flooded basement D) sarah helps her biological daughter before helping her stepson escape a fire

what is social exchange theory? C) much of what we of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and cut our costs

A principal theory in social psych is social exchange theory. according to this theory, we will be more likely to help others ___________ A) when the benefits outweigh the costs

social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations B) Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk

The main tenet of social exchange theory is that we will help others when B) the rewards are high

_________ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behavior B) social exchange

Reward of helping is to ________ as cost of helping is to ___________ A) relieves distress; embarrassment

In social exchange theory, we are always looking to __________ B) profit from the services we provide others

You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on sat night. before handing over the keys, he asks in jest, whats in it for me? his question best reflects _________ as applied to prosocial behavior social exchange theory