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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

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2
Q

social influence

A

the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior

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3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

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4
Q

construal

A

the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world

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5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

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6
Q

behaviorism

A

a school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the envrionment

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7
Q

gestalt psychology

A

a school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people’s minds rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object

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8
Q

naive realism

A

the conviction that we perceive things “as they really are” underestimating how much we are interpreting or spinning what we see

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9
Q

self esteem

A

people’s evaluations of their own self-worth – that is the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, decent

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10
Q

social cognition

A

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions

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11
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency for people to exaggerate, after knowing that something occurred, how much they could have predicted it before it occurred

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12
Q

observational method

A

the technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior

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13
Q

ethnography

A

the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have

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14
Q

archival analysis

A

a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture

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15
Q

correlational method

A

the technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them

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16
Q

correlation coefficent

A

a statistical technique that assesses how well you can predict one variable from another

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17
Q

surveys

A

research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behaviors

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18
Q

random selection

A

a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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19
Q

experimental method

A

the method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable

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20
Q

independent variable

A

the variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable

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21
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable the researcher hypothesizes that the dv will depend on the level of the iv

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22
Q

random assignment to condition

A

a process ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

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23
Q

internal validity

A

making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and be randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions

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24
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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25
psychological realism
the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life
26
field experiments
experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the lab
27
basic dilemma of the social psychologist
the trade off between internal and external validity in conducting research; its very difficult to do one experiment that is both high in internal validity and generalizable to other situations and people
28
meta-analysis
a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an iv is reliable
29
basic research
studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity
30
applied research
studies designed to solve a particular social problem
31
cross-cultural research
research conducted with members of different cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised
32
institutional review board (IRB)
a group made up of at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one member not affiliated with the institution that reviews all psych research at that institution and decides whether it meets ethical guidelines; all research must be approved by the IRB before it is conducted
33
automatic thinking
thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
34
schemas
mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
35
accessibility
the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgement about the social world
36
priming
the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of the schema, trait, or concept
37
self-fulfilling prophecy
the case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true
38
judgemental heuristics
mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently
39
availability heuristic
a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
40
representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
41
base rate information
info about the frequency of members of different categories in the population
42
analytic thinking style
a type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in western cultures
43
holistic thinking style
a type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in east asian cultures
44
controlled thinking
thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful
45
counterfactual thinking
mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
46
planning fallacy
the tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon they will complete a project, even when they have failed to get similar projects done on time in the past
47
social perception
the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people
48
nonverbal communication
the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words, including via facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, touch, and gaze
49
encode
to express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back
50
decode
to interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding what a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness
51
affect blends
facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion
52
display rules
culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display
53
emblems
nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture, usually having direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign
54
thin-slicing
drawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior
55
primacy effect
when it comes to forming impressions, the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view info that we learn about them later
56
belief perseverance
the tendency to stick with an initial judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider
57
attribution theory
a description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior
58
internal attribution
the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of somehting about the person such as attitude, character or personality
59
external attribution
the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation they are in, with the assumption that most people would respond the same way in that situation
60
covariation model
a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we not the pattern between when the behavior occurs and the presence or absence of possible causal factors
61
consensus information
the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulis as the actor does
62
distinctiveness information
the extent to which a particular actor behaves in the same way toward a different stimulus
63
consistency information
the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances
64
perceptual salience
the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
65
self serving attributions
explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factos and explanations for one's failures that blame extenal, situational factors
66
belief in a just world
a defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people
67
bias blind spot
the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

Social Psych (3 decks)

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