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Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Provide framework
Protect internal organs
Provide blood cells (RBC’s)
Movement
Stores minerals

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2
Q

How many bones

A

206

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3
Q

2 main groups

A

Axial Skeleton: (80) Main trunk – skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, sternum and breastbone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126) – Extremities - upper/lower limbs, shoulders and hips

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4
Q

Bones made up of a protein called…

A

collagen and minerals

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5
Q

2 types of tissue

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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6
Q

Marrow

A

tissue that fills the spaces of the bones

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7
Q

Red =
Yellow=

A

produces blood cells to the bone
stores fat

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8
Q

Types of bones: (4)

A

Long: (legs, arms)
Short: (wrists, ankles)
Flat: (skull, shoulder blade)
Irregular: (face, vertebrae)

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue in joints – serves as cushion

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10
Q

Ossification

A

the process by which bone is formed, renewed & repaired

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11
Q

Children have a lot of

A

Cartilage that later turns into bone

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12
Q

A joint is

A

Point at which bones meet

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12
Q

4 types of joints

A

Ball and socket: (hip/shoulder)
Hinge: (elbow, knee, ankle, fingers)
Pivot: (head – turn neck)
Ellipsoidal: “gliding” (wrist)

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13
Q

Ligament

A

elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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14
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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15
Q

Care of the skeletal system

A

Regular exercise
Lots of vitamin D – NOT MILK!
Minerals – Calcium and phosphorus
Protective gear

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16
Q

Skeletal problems

A

Fractures: break in the bones
Three major types:
Closed/Simple: Bone does not break the skin (crack, etc.)

Open/Compound: bone protruded through the skin

Greenstick/hairline: a small, slender crack

Osteoporosis: progressive loss of bone tissue
Bones become weak and brittle – mostly in older women!

Scoliosis: a lateral, or side to side, curvature of the spine
At birth or childhood

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17
Q

Joint Injuries

A

Dislocation: torn ligaments that cause bones to slip out of place/joint

Torn cartilage:

Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa sac around the joint

Bunion: Swelling of the bursa joint in the big toe

Arthritis: inflammation of any joint

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18
Q

Largest bone

A

Femur (upper leg)

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19
Q

Smallest bone

A

auditory ossicles (middle ear)

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20
Q

Easiest to break

A

Collarbone/Clavicle

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21
Q

How many muscles in your body

A

Approximately 650

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22
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Help you breathe
Make heart beat
Move food through digestive system
Body movement

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23
Q

Voluntary Muscles

Study These Flashcards
A

Muscles used under conscious control

24
Involuntary Muscles
Muscles used under unconscious control (don’t have to think about – *autonomic nervous system)
25
Muscle
made up of hundreds of long cells called fibers
26
Muscle fibers
2 types
27
Slow twitch
use energy slowly – (marathon run)
28
Fast twitch
use energy quickly – (sprint race)
29
Muscles work in
two complimentary, or opposing, actions
30
Contraction
the shortening of the muscle
31
Extension
The stretching of the muscle
32
contraction and extension both actions are triggered by
nerve impulses
33
Three types of muscle tissue
Smooth muscle: Found in lining of passageways and internal organs *(involuntary control) Skeletal muscle: Attached to bone and cause movement *(Most – voluntary control) Cardiac muscle: Forms the wall of the heart *(Involuntary control)
34
Always work in pairs
Flexor – muscle that closes the joint Extensor – muscle that opens the joint
35
Care of muscular system
Regular Physical Exercise (aerobic and anaerobic Muscles must be used!!!!!
36
Unused muscles will
atrophy: (decrease in size & strength)
37
Muscle tone
Natural tension in muscle fibers
38
Largest muscle
gluteus maximus (buttock)
39
Smallest muscle
Stapedius (ear)
40
Muscle problems
Muscle soreness – usually temporary, occurs after hard work/exercise Cramp - painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain. Bruise – area of discolored skin caused by rupture of blood vessel Strain – muscle is stretched or partially torn Sprain – injury to the ligament in a joint Tendonitis – inflammation of the tendon Hernia – When an organ or tissue protrudes through the muscle
41
Major muscular diseases
Muscular dystrophy: (inherited) disorder in which muscle fibers are progressively destroyed *(treatment but no cure) Muscular Sclerosis (MS) A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. *(treatment but no cure)
42
Treatment for muscle injuries (R,I,C,E)
R = rest I = ice C = compression E = elevation
43
The Nervous System functions
Coordinates all activities of the body
44
2 Main divisions
Central Nervous System: (CNS) – interprets messages sent from PNS and responds – consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside the body – consists of nerves and sensory receptors *(includes automatic)
45
Neurons
(basic unit of the nervous system) carry messages, or impulses from one part of the body to another
46
3 Types of Neurons
Sensory – senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste) Motor – movement Interneurons – connect sensory & motor neurons
47
Neuron consists of three parts
Cell body – control center Dendrites – receive information Axons – transmit information
48
Brain
controls the activities of the nervous system (control center) – (3 lbs)
49
Functions of brain
Thought Remember (memorize) Reason Muscle movement Emotions
50
The brain can last only ____without oxygen before suffering damage
5 min
51
3 Main divisions of the Brain
Cerebrum: largest and most complex part. (85%) 2 sides – Left/Right Left – Language, reason, analyze data, memory Right – music, art, relationships Cerebellum – 2nd largest part Coordinates movement of skeletal muscles/balance Brain stem: 3 inch stalk of nerve cells Connects spine to brain
52
Spinal cord
long column of nerve tissue (highway) – nerve impulses (18 in. down back)
53
Vertebrae (bones) of spinal column...
protect it
54
Reflex action
allows you to react quickly to potential harmful situations (automatic)
55
Most important step you can take to care for the nervous system is to...
protect it from injury!
56
Head injuries
Concussion: bruise to the brain (brain hitting the skull) Coma: prolonged period of unconsciousness. (Diseases or drugs)
57
Injury to the spinal cord can cause….
Paralysis: the loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord – Vaccine Seizure: a sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulse. Can lead to… Epilepsy: a brain disorder that causes recurring, unprovoked seizures. Headaches: a continuous pain in the head *(most common problem of the nervous system) Tension and migraine are the most common!
58
Treatment
proper diet, water, exercise and sleep

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