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Health > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Provide framework
Protect internal organs
Provide blood cells (RBC’s)
Movement
Stores minerals

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2
Q

How many bones

A

206

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3
Q

2 main groups

A

Axial Skeleton: (80) Main trunk – skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, sternum and breastbone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126) – Extremities - upper/lower limbs, shoulders and hips

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4
Q

Bones made up of a protein called…

A

collagen and minerals

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5
Q

2 types of tissue

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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6
Q

Marrow

A

tissue that fills the spaces of the bones

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7
Q

Red =
Yellow=

A

produces blood cells to the bone
stores fat

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8
Q

Types of bones: (4)

A

Long: (legs, arms)
Short: (wrists, ankles)
Flat: (skull, shoulder blade)
Irregular: (face, vertebrae)

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue in joints – serves as cushion

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10
Q

Ossification

A

the process by which bone is formed, renewed & repaired

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11
Q

Children have a lot of

A

Cartilage that later turns into bone

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12
Q

A joint is

A

Point at which bones meet

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12
Q

4 types of joints

A

Ball and socket: (hip/shoulder)
Hinge: (elbow, knee, ankle, fingers)
Pivot: (head – turn neck)
Ellipsoidal: “gliding” (wrist)

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13
Q

Ligament

A

elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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14
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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15
Q

Care of the skeletal system

A

Regular exercise
Lots of vitamin D – NOT MILK!
Minerals – Calcium and phosphorus
Protective gear

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16
Q

Skeletal problems

A

Fractures: break in the bones
Three major types:
Closed/Simple: Bone does not break the skin (crack, etc.)

Open/Compound: bone protruded through the skin

Greenstick/hairline: a small, slender crack

Osteoporosis: progressive loss of bone tissue
Bones become weak and brittle – mostly in older women!

Scoliosis: a lateral, or side to side, curvature of the spine
At birth or childhood

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17
Q

Joint Injuries

A

Dislocation: torn ligaments that cause bones to slip out of place/joint

Torn cartilage:

Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa sac around the joint

Bunion: Swelling of the bursa joint in the big toe

Arthritis: inflammation of any joint

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18
Q

Largest bone

A

Femur (upper leg)

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19
Q

Smallest bone

A

auditory ossicles (middle ear)

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20
Q

Easiest to break

A

Collarbone/Clavicle

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21
Q

How many muscles in your body

A

Approximately 650

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22
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Help you breathe
Make heart beat
Move food through digestive system
Body movement

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23
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A

Muscles used under conscious control

24
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Muscles used under unconscious control (don’t have to think about – *autonomic nervous system)

25
Q

Muscle

A

made up of hundreds of long cells called fibers

26
Q

Muscle fibers

A

2 types

27
Q

Slow twitch

A

use energy slowly – (marathon run)

28
Q

Fast twitch

A

use energy quickly – (sprint race)

29
Q

Muscles work in

A

two complimentary, or opposing, actions

30
Q

Contraction

A

the shortening of the muscle

31
Q

Extension

A

The stretching of the muscle

32
Q

contraction and extension both actions are triggered by

A

nerve impulses

33
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle: Found in lining of passageways and internal organs *(involuntary control)
Skeletal muscle: Attached to bone and cause movement *(Most – voluntary control)
Cardiac muscle: Forms the wall of the heart *(Involuntary control)

34
Q

Always work in pairs

A

Flexor – muscle that closes the joint
Extensor – muscle that opens the joint

35
Q

Care of muscular system

A

Regular Physical Exercise (aerobic and anaerobic
Muscles must be used!!!!!

36
Q

Unused muscles will

A

atrophy: (decrease in size & strength)

37
Q

Muscle tone

A

Natural tension in muscle fibers

38
Q

Largest muscle

A

gluteus maximus (buttock)

39
Q

Smallest muscle

A

Stapedius (ear)

40
Q

Muscle problems

A

Muscle soreness – usually temporary, occurs after hard work/exercise
Cramp - painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain.

Bruise – area of discolored skin caused by rupture of blood vessel

Strain – muscle is stretched or partially torn

Sprain – injury to the ligament in a joint

Tendonitis – inflammation of the tendon

Hernia – When an organ or tissue protrudes through the muscle

41
Q

Major muscular diseases

A

Muscular dystrophy: (inherited) disorder in which muscle fibers are progressively destroyed *(treatment but no cure)

Muscular Sclerosis (MS) A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. *(treatment but no cure)

42
Q

Treatment for muscle injuries (R,I,C,E)

A

R = rest
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevation

43
Q

The Nervous System functions

A

Coordinates all activities of the body

44
Q

2 Main divisions

A

Central Nervous System: (CNS) – interprets messages sent from PNS and responds – consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside the body – consists of nerves and sensory receptors *(includes automatic)

45
Q

Neurons

A

(basic unit of the nervous system) carry messages, or impulses from one part of the body to another

46
Q

3 Types of Neurons

A

Sensory – senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste)
Motor – movement
Interneurons – connect sensory & motor neurons

47
Q

Neuron consists of three parts

A

Cell body – control center
Dendrites – receive information
Axons – transmit information

48
Q

Brain

A

controls the activities of the nervous system (control center) – (3 lbs)

49
Q

Functions of brain

A

Thought
Remember (memorize)
Reason
Muscle movement
Emotions

50
Q

The brain can last only ____without oxygen before suffering damage

A

5 min

51
Q

3 Main divisions of the Brain

A

Cerebrum: largest and most complex part. (85%)
2 sides – Left/Right

Left – Language, reason, analyze data, memory
Right – music, art, relationships

Cerebellum – 2nd largest part
Coordinates movement of skeletal muscles/balance

Brain stem: 3 inch stalk of nerve cells
Connects spine to brain

52
Q

Spinal cord

A

long column of nerve tissue (highway) – nerve impulses (18 in. down back)

53
Q

Vertebrae (bones) of spinal column…

A

protect it

54
Q

Reflex action

A

allows you to react quickly to potential harmful situations (automatic)

55
Q

Most important step you can take to care for the nervous system is to…

A

protect it from injury!

56
Q

Head injuries

A

Concussion: bruise to the brain (brain hitting the skull)

Coma: prolonged period of unconsciousness. (Diseases or drugs)

57
Q

Injury to the spinal cord can cause….

A

Paralysis: the loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body

Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord – Vaccine

Seizure: a sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulse. Can lead to…

Epilepsy: a brain disorder that causes recurring, unprovoked seizures.

Headaches: a continuous pain in the head *(most common problem of the nervous system)
Tension and migraine are the most common!

58
Q

Treatment

A

proper diet, water, exercise and sleep

Health (9 decks)

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