Chapter 1.1 - 1.6

Question 1

A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material

Answer 1

Magnetic disk

Question 2

A nonvolatile semiconductor memory often used as secondary memory for personal mobile devices.

Answer 2

Flash Memory

Question 3

A form of memory that retains data in the absence of a power.

Answer 3

Nonvolatile Memory

Question 4

A form of memory that retains data only if the memory is receiving power.

Answer 4

Volatile Memory

Question 5

Memory layer used to store programs and data between runs.

Answer 5

Secondary Memory

Question 6

Memory layer used to hold programs and data while programs are running.

Answer 6

Main Memory

Question 7

Silicon is a ____ element found in ___

Answer 7

sand

Question 8

The manufacturing process begins with a silicon ___

Answer 8

ingot

Question 9

Blank wafers undergo 20 to 40 chemical processing steps to create _____.

Answer 9

transistors, conductors, or insulators.

Question 10

A wafer tester evaluates the patterned wafer for the presence of

Answer 10

defects

Question 11

After the patterned wafer is chopped up into dies, the dies are _____.

Answer 11

packaged and shipped

Question 12

represent the design at different levels of representation; lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels.

Answer 12

abstractions

Question 13

moves multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of an operation, akin to water flowing through a pipeline.

Answer 13

pipelining

Question 14

Software that provides services that are commonly useful, including operating systems, compilers, loaders, and assemblers.

Answer 14

Systems software

Question 15

Supervising program that manages the resources of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on that computer.

Answer 15

Operating system

Question 16

A program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version.

Answer 16

Assembler

Question 17

A symbolic representation of machine instructions. Example: add A,B

Answer 17

Assembly language

Question 18

A binary representation of machine instructions. Example 101011101

Answer 18

Machine language

Question 19

A portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language.

Answer 19

High-level programming language

Question 20

five classic components of a computer

Answer 20

input, output, memory, datapath, and control

Question 21

A liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.

Answer 21

Active matrix display

Question 22

A display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied.

Answer 22

Liquid crystal display

Question 23

The component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations.

Answer 23

Datapath

Question 24

The component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.

Answer 24

Control

Question 25

The storage area in which programs are kept when they are running and that contains the data needed by the running programs.

Answer 25

Memory

Question 26

Memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location. Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2020 was $3 to $6.

Answer 26

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)

Question 27

A small, fast memory that acts as a buffer for a slower, larger memory.

Answer 27

Cache memory

Question 28

Also memory built as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.

Answer 28

Static random access memory (SRAM)

Question 29

Hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction.

Answer 29

Implementation

Question 30

An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.

Answer 30

Instruction set architecture AKA architecture.

Question 31

An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.

Answer 31

Transistor

Question 32

A device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors.

Answer 32

Very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit

Question 33

A substance that does not conduct electricity well.

Answer 33

Semiconductor

Question 34

A natural element that is a semiconductor.

Answer 34

Silicon

Question 35

: A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.

Answer 35

Silicon crystal ingot

Question 36

A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips

Answer 36

Wafer

Question 37

A microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die

Answer 37

Defect

Question 38

The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer

Answer 38

Die/chip

Question 39

Also called execution time. The total time required for the computer to complete a task, including disk accesses, memory accesses, I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution time, and so on.

Answer 39

Response time

Question 40

Also called bandwidth. Another measure of performance, it is the number of tasks completed per unit time.

Answer 40

Throughput

Question 41

Also called CPU time. The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task.

Answer 41

CPU execution time

Question 42

The CPU time spent in a program itself.

Answer 42

User CPU time

Question 43

The CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program.

Answer 43

System CPU time

Question 44

The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.

Answer 44

Clock cycle time

Question 45

The length of each clock cycle.

Answer 45

Clock period

Question 46

Average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment.

Answer 46

Clock cycles per instruction (CPI)

Question 47

A measure of the dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs.

Answer 47

Instruction mix

Question 48

CPU Performance is the same as ___

Answer 48

User CPU time

Question 49

System performance is the same as ___

Answer 49

Elapsed time

Question 50

Decreasing ___ almost always improves throughput.

Answer 50

response time

Question 51

Clock rate is the inverse of ___

Answer 51

clock period

Question 52

Clock cycle time is the inverse of ___

Answer 52

clock rate

Question 53

CPU time is the inverse of ___

Answer 53

performance