Chapter 11

Question 1

Which are the most utilized complex structure?

Answer 1

Bond line

Question 2

Every carbon atom has

Answer 2

4 covalent bonds

Question 3

Organic compounds are based on

Answer 3

Carbon

Question 4

Carbon can form

Answer 4

Isomers with many different compunds

Question 5

Isomers are

Answer 5

Different compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA

Question 6

Isomers can differ either by

Answer 6

Atomic connectivity or in stereochemistry

Question 7

Hydrocarbons are molecules composed entirely of

Answer 7

Carbon & Hydrogen atoms

Found in straight chains w/or without branches

Question 8

Saturated hydrocarbons/compounds are

Answer 8

Single bonded carbon chains with all available carbon bonds attached to hydrogen

(Single covalent bonds)

Less reactive

Blue Flame

Question 9

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have

Answer 9

1 or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

Sooty flame

Question 10

Alkanes contain only

Answer 10

Single bonded carbon atoms

When any atom other than hydrogen is attached, they are substituents or functional groups

Simplest organic compound; backbone

Free rotation

Lack saturation; least reactive

Nonpolar (hydrophobic & insoluble in water)

Boiling point increases with increasing molecular weight

Question 11

Alkenes contain

Answer 11

Double bonds

Less flexible

More reactive

Hydrogenation, Halogenation, Hydrohalogenation, Hydration

Question 12

Alkynes contain

Answer 12

Triple bonds

Not common

Question 13

Hydrocarbons missing hydrogen are called

Answer 13

Alkyls (2 L’s)

Symbolized as “R”

Question 14

The higher the octane,

Answer 14

The more predictable

Question 15

Stereoisomers are a

Answer 15

Pair of molecules that have the same formula but the functional groups are in difference orientations

Question 16

Isomers can only exist when

Answer 16

There is a restricted rotation of the molecule

Question 17

Hydrogenation is the breaking of the

Answer 17

Double bonds & the addition of the hydrogen atom using the presence of a catalyst

Question 18

Hydrogenated fats have a

Answer 18

Higher melting point & are solids at room temperature

Question 19

More double bonds makes butter

Answer 19

Softer

Question 20

Trans double bonds are

Answer 20

More stable that CIS, so the double bond introduced into the chain are largely trans

Question 21

Aromatic compounds have a

Answer 21

Functional group called the benzene ring

Stable & common

Question 22

The double bond in a benzene ring will

Answer 22

Exhibit resonance (hybrid)

Question 23

A single, double, or triple bond is the

Answer 23

Sharing of electrons

Question 24

What is Delocalized electrons?

Answer 24

Electrons freely moving around six carbons

More of a stable molecule

Less reactive

Question 25

Organohalogen compounds are

Answer 25

Organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms

Question 26

Alcohols & Ethers are both

Answer 26

Derivatives of water

Question 27

1 hydrogen on water molecule replaced gives an _____ 2 hydrogen_____

Answer 27

Alcohol Ether

Question 28

What is the generic formula of alcohol

Answer 28

ROH

Question 29

Alcohols contain no _____ & are therefore

Answer 29

No hydroxide ion Not a strong base

Question 30

Hydroxyl group of alcohols is

Answer 30

Highly polar

Question 31

Aromatic alcohols are called

Answer 31

Phenols, which are also known as carbolic acid

Question 32

A simple phenol is

Answer 32

Polar due to the hydroxyl group Complex phenols are not water soluble

Question 33

Ethers have the genetic formula

Answer 33

ROR

Question 34

Ethers are a bridge between

Answer 34

2 alkyl groups, which may be the same or different

Question 35

Ethers are

Answer 35

Inert & do not react with oxidizing or reducing agents, so they are used as solvents

Question 36

Amines are derivatives of

Answer 36

Ammonia Only 1 or 2 of the 3 R groups may be hydrogen

Question 37

All amines have a

Answer 37

Lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen

Question 38

Amines can form

Answer 38

Hydrogen bonds & are more soluble in water

Question 39

The hydrogen bonds formed by amines in the nucleic acids

Answer 39

Play an important role in the genetic code Control DNA synthesis, transcription & protein synthesis

Question 40

What are examples of amines

Answer 40

DA, Epi, NE, 5HT & histamine

Question 41

By controlling the pH of a medium, you can

Answer 41

Control the solubility

Question 42

Amines are weak

Answer 42

Bases because they will accept the proton from a strong acid to form its conjugate acid

Question 43

Carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a

Answer 43

Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom Strong bond & occurs frequently Polar with the oxygen being more electrically negative

Question 44

What is the key component of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters & amides?

Answer 44

Carbonyl group

Question 45

The simplest carbonyl groups are

Answer 45

Aldehydes & ketones

Question 46

Aldehydes have an alkyl ground & a hydrogen atom bonded to a

Answer 46

Carbonyl group

Question 47

Ketones have

Answer 47

2 alkyl groups bonded to a carbonyl group

Question 48

The naming position of the keto carbon group is indicated by the

Answer 48

Locant number

Question 49

What builds up in the bloodstream from excessive fat metabolism?

Answer 49

Ketone/Acetone

Question 50

Oxidation is the

Answer 50

LOSS of electrons Increasing the number of bonds to oxygen which usually accompanies decreasing the number of bonds to hydrogen

Question 51

Ketones have a

Answer 51

Sweet taste & odor

Question 52

Reduction is the

Answer 52

GAINING of electrons The number of bonds to oxygen decreases or the number of bonds to hydrogen increases

Question 53

Oxidation may be manifested by an

Answer 53

Increase in ionic charge

Question 54

Acetal & Ketal formation play a role in

Answer 54

Monosaccharides & polysaccharides

Question 55

Carboxylic acid is combined with an

Answer 55

Alcohol & Ester

Question 56

Esters have a

Answer 56

Fruity smell

Question 57

Adding ____to an ester causes ______reaction which separates an ester back into a carboxylic acid & an alcohol

Answer 57

Water Hydrolysis

Question 58

What is the most important Amide?

Answer 58

Protein

Question 59

Esters can easily combine & break down making them

Answer 59

Perfect reactions to bind fatty acids

Question 60

Proteins are binded together by

Answer 60

Amide bonds

Question 61

What do Amide bonds require for a reaction

Answer 61

Strong conditions (makes proteins durable)

Question 62

What are used to form long chains of amino acids

Answer 62

Peptide bonds