chapter 11

Question 1

how do transport systems impact the environment in cities

Answer 1

• changes to physical environment
• increased carbon footprint

Question 2

how do transport systems impact people in cities

Answer 2

• improved mobility for the elderly and persons with disabilities
• traffic congestion
• health and safety risks

Question 3

how can transport systems be sustainably managed

Answer 3

• laws and policies on transport
• integrated land use and transport planning
• provision of a range of mobility options for different groups of people

Question 4

changes to physical environment examples

Answer 4

• road development can reduce size of animal habitats
• victims of roadkill
• resolve: overhead bridge

Question 5

changes to physical environment case

Answer 5

to make sg more accessible, part of sg river was diverted for construction of MRT tunnels connecting downtown stations

Question 6

increased carbon footprint

Answer 6

• all transport activities consume energy: petrol/biofuel
• when petrol is burnt, it produces greenhouse gasses, contributing to carbon footprint

Question 7

carbon footprint definition

Answer 7

measure of greenhouse gases emitted to support human activities

Question 8

how does greenhouse gas lead to global warming

Answer 8

greenhouse gases trap heat
- excessive concentration leads to enhance greenhouse effect and global warming

Question 9

transport and greenhouse gas

Answer 9

• 23-30% of all emissions
• as cities grow, transport systems ecpand, increasing carbon footprint
• people rely on transport systems for travels -> consider different transport modes

Question 10

carbon footprint transport modes (carbon footprint only, per 316km)

Answer 10

• plane, bus, train, car

Question 11

how do transport systems impact people in cities

Answer 11

• improved mobility for the elderly and persons with disabilities
• traffic congestions
• health risks
• safety risks

Question 11

mobility definition:

Answer 11

ability of people and freight to move from one place to another
- allows access to goods and services, facilitates social interactions, improve quality of life

Question 12

what limits mobility

Answer 12

• physical capabilities/health conditions
• elderly, pwd (persons with disabilities)
• need more time and support to move around
• they face barriers that hinder them from carrying out normal activities, limit opportunities and equal access

Question 13

what will improving mobility do

Answer 13

• add barrier free transport systems for them to move around and access opportunities independently

Question 14

how to improve mobility

Answer 14

• barrier free transport systems
• tactile flooring
• wider gates
• indicator lights

Question 15

silver zones features

Answer 15

• gateway marked with fluorescent lights to indicate the start of silver zone
• reduced speed limits
• reductions of lanes to shorten crossing time
• 2 stage crossing allowing senior pedestrians to rest while crossing
• mountable centre dividers that enable emergency vehicles to pass when safe

Question 16

traffic congestions

Answer 16

• occurs when road usage approaches/exceed full capacity
• occurs during peak period when people are rushing home/work/school to and from the CB
• long queues, slow-moving vehicles are indicators
  -affect physical environment and emotional well-being of those caught in traffic
• tire out everyone
• frustration and aggressive behaviour, lose concentration, accidents.
• vehicle burn the most fuels while accelerating when constantly stopping and going in traffic, the amount of carbon emissions are more, worsening air quality

Question 17

health risks

Answer 17

• air pollutants and particulate matter are released into atmosphere
• smog is produced and is a health risk, causing lung cancer
• actively reducing transport-related pollution by encouraging the use of public transport, walking, cycling

Question 18

using transport modes negative effect

Answer 18

• noice pollution
• noise pollution results in stress, sleeping problems, hearing impairment, increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure

Question 19

safety risks

Answer 19

• road accidents account for 90% of all transport accidents
• implications on healthcare, insurance, damage to property
• regulating use of mobile devices while driving, setting up more speed camera to detect speeding, road safety education

Question 20

what does large crowds cause

Answer 20

• theft
• outrage of modesty
  -gender segregated transport

Question 21

how can transport systems be sustainably managed?

Answer 21

• laws and policies on transport
• integrated land use and transport planning
• provision of a range of mobility options for different groups of people
• ## reaserach and development

Question 22

law and policies

Answer 22

• cities embarked on car-lite policies to reduce car usage by encouraging alternatives
• constraining vehicle ownership and road usage
• increase supply of public transport and promote environmentally friendly modes
• change when things are costly , as public transport is more affordable
• road pricing/congestion pricing manages congestion, shape travel behaviour, raise revenue to finance transport system
• drivers are charged more when they use certain roads during specific time periods, costlier compared to public transport
• ensure effectiveness of road pricing because traffic can be diverted

Question 23

integrated land use and transport planning

Answer 23

• reduces need to travel
• key to shaping the demand for travel and distance needed to travel

Question 24

land use planning meaning

Answer 24

where and how land should be used

Question 25

transport planning mea

Answer 25

process of forecasting the operation, provision, and management of infrastructure and services for various transport modes to meet current and future needs - good planning ensure that transport facilities and services are able to move people and goods in a safe, affordable, convenient and environmentally friendly matter

Question 26

how to integrate land use and transport planning

Answer 26

- requires close coordination and communication between different stakeholders to balance social economic and transport needs - takes time and involves huge investment in infrastructure design and development - to encourage mobility, designing and developing pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure is key - walkable distance should be around 5 minute - wide shaded paths with attractive building facades provide a comfortable experience

Question 27

reasearch and development in transport

Answer 27

mobile application to improve mobility, and more environmentally friendly transport modes. - greener building materials and tevhnique

Question 28

mobile applicagtions

Answer 28

- widespread information and technology enable better trip planning and facilitates sharing of rides and vehicles - provide real-time traffic information on travel time, cost, possible routes to undertake via various modes can shape travel habits and choice of transport - availability of seats and wheelchair facilities on public transport allow people to better plan their journeys, making public transport more attractive

Question 29

electric vehicles

Answer 29

- smaller carbon footprint compared to other vehicles - reduce noise pollution - expensive

Question 29

mobile applications challenges

Answer 29

inaccuratei information may cause additional inconcience

Question 30

autonomous vehicles/driverless vehicles

Answer 30

- suite of sensors to detect other vehicles - prevent road accidents and improve road safety - reduce energy consumptions - investment and time consuming - cybersecurity challenges