Chapter 11 Flashcards
(12 cards)
transduction
2 alive cells, one phage to transfer DNA (not as much as conjugation) from one live cell to another. Donor cell dies after phage relicates within it so that the new phage can affect the recipient cell
Specialized transduction
transfer of a few specific bacterial genes to a new specific site using a phage
- Exiting mistake: sometimes phages are defective and carry bacterial DNA in addition to phage DNA
generalized transduction
Transfer of a segment of DNA
- Packing mistake - carries bacterial DNA instead of phage DNA into new cell. Cell will not lyse because there are no phage DNA segments
Fertility plasmid
Gives bacteria ability to form conjugation pili
Resistance plasmid
Antibiotic resistance
Bacteriocin plasmids
Growth-inhibiting proteins - kills microbes
Virulence plasmids
Makes recipient more virulent, allowing it to develop a capsule, resisting against antibiotics
Ti (tumor inducing) plasmids
Insert themselves into DNA and stop cell cycle regulation
- Novel catabolism plasmids
- created from rearrangement of existing genes, gives microbes abilities that they didn’t have previously, like using citrate as a source of sugar rather then glucose
Why are some plasmids beneficial while other are damaging to the cell?
Some can cause antibiotic resistant (-) while others give the cell the ability to share DNA and gain new abilities to utlize new nutrient resources
What is the general idea of genetic engineering?
Identifying a desirable gene, and then amplifying the creation of this gene using phages or plasmids
Mention 1 benefit of genetic engineering?
creation amino acids for vegans, and insulin for diabetics, produces vaccines in larger quantities than before and higher yield of crops. Can also use GMOs to target cancer
