Chapter 11 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Percent of households with dual earners
67%
Percent of households with dual earners and youngest child under 6
56.3%
Percent of households with dual earners and youngest child 6-17
64.7%
Work-life conflict
- Feelings of stressful conflict between work and home life
- Time spent in each domain detracts from contributions to the other domain
Work-life enrichment
- Feeling of enrichment between work and home life
- Having a fulfilling job produced positive spillover into the home and vice versa
- Correlates with better sleep, marital, and job satisfaction
- Women experience more enrichment than men
Percent of women in top executive positions
14%
Female leaders
More democratic, interpersonally oriented, collaborative, less directive
Male leaders
Use more hands off style
Effect size of differences between female and male leaders
Small
Glass ceiling
Invisible barriers in the workplace that prevent women from rising to top corporate positions
Glass cliff
Women more likely than men to achieve leadership roles during periods of crisis or downturn, when the chance of failure is highest
Sticky floor
- Barriers that keep low-wage workers from being promoted
- Disproportionately women and minorities
Maternity leave in different countries
- US = 0 weeks
- Mexico = 12 weeks
- China = 14 weeks
- Canada = 15 weeks
- Singapore = 16 weeks
- Ireland = 26 weeks
- UK = 40 weeks
Paternity in different countries
- US = 0 weeks
- Singapore = 1 week
- Australia = 2 weeks
- Spain = 15 days
- Portugal = 20 days
- Finland = 54 days
- Iceland = 3 months
Reasons why women earned less in the 1950s-60s
- Societal expectations
- Gender-based discrimination
- Limited access to certain jobs/educational opportunities
Gender pay gap for women with and without children
Often significantly wider for women with children
- Career breaks for childcare
- Reduced work hours
- Societal expectations surrounding parenting
Gender pay gap
The difference in earnings between women and men, typically measured as the percentage of men’s earnings that women earn
How large is gender pay gap in US?
80 cents for every dollar earned by men
Does gender pay gap differ by race/ethnicity?
- Asian women: 85 cents
- White non-Hispanic women: 77 cents
- Black women: 61 cents
- Native American women: 58 cents
- Latina women: 53 cents
Salary transparency and pay gap
Wage gap tends to be narrower in job sectors where wages are transparent
- In the federal government = 13% pay gap
- In state governments = 18%
- In the private for-profit sector, where there is typical little salary transparency, the gap is 29%
Fields with biggest pay gap
- Legal occupations (54%)
- Sales (66%)
- Transportation occupations (72%)
- Farming, fishing, forestry (72%)
Fields with smallest pay gap
- Community and social service occupations (94%)
- Healthcare support (91%)
- Life, physical, and social science occupations (88%)
Occupational segregation
- Some occupations are dominated by one sex
- The extent to which there is a pay gap may be caused by women working in occupations with lower salaries
- The pay gap continues even within female-dominated professions
Occupational feminization
- When women enter a career in large numbers that was traditionally occupied by men, the pay for these jobs’ decreases
- Pay decreases range from 3% to 12%
