Chapter 8

Question 1

Who talks more?

Answer 1

• Women = 16,215 (SD = 7301)
• Men = 15,669 (SD = 8633)
• No statistically significant difference

Question 2

Who interrupts more?

Answer 2

• Studied interruptions in dyads (male-male, female-female, and male-female)
• Interruptions 10x greater in male-female dyads
• Men initiated 96% of all interruptions
• Meta-analysis found that men were more likely to interrupt women
• Effect size small

Question 3

Have interruptions changed over time?

Answer 3

• Women are not equally heard
• More women = more interruptions
• In 1990, with one woman on the bench, 35.7% of interruptions were directed at her
• In 2002, 45.3% of all interruptions on the court were directed at the three female justices on the bench

Question 4

Does the type of interruption matter?

Answer 4

• Intrusive interruptions (d = .33)
• Supportive interruptions: more female than male

Question 5

Gossip

Answer 5

• Conversation, often of personal nature, about someone who is not present
• Often viewed as negative
• May function to enforce moral norms and enhance social bonds

Question 6

Relational aggression

Answer 6

Subtle form of aggression, usually committed when the target is not physically present
- Intended to harm the target’s social relationships or status

Question 7

Is gossip relational aggression?

Answer 7

May be a form of relational aggression

Question 8

Function of gossip

Answer 8

When lack social power, may use gossip to gain power

Question 9

Who has more negative gossip?

Answer 9

More negative gossip between women compared to male-male or male-female pairs

Question 10

Who shows more interest in information about others?

Answer 10

Girls and women show more interest in information about same-sex others and use gossip as relational aggression

Question 11

Who smiles more?

Answer 11

Girls and women smile more than men

Question 12

Is smiling prevalence true across cultures?

Answer 12

True cross-culturally and in different ethnicities

Question 13

Does smiling indicate happiness?

Answer 13

Smiling does not indicate greater happiness

Question 14

When is the sex difference in smiling higher?

Answer 14

• Social interactions
• When there is social tension
• When they believe others are observing them

Question 15

When is the sex difference in smiling lower?

Answer 15

Small sex differences when person has caretaker role: doctor, parent, therapist

Question 16

Is eye contact gendered?

Answer 16

• Women gaze more at interaction partners than men
• Highest mutual contact = women

Question 17

Visual Dominance

Answer 17

• Pattern of eye contact in which a person looks at others when speaking to them and looks away when listening
• Men do this more
• Women look more when listening and less while talking

Question 18

Do people across cultures all make eye contact to show respect?

Answer 18

• West: eye contact means respect, avert eyes means dishonest or disrespect
• East Asia: eye contact means disrespect, avert eyes to show respect

Question 19

Who touches more?

Answer 19

• Girls and women touch more
• In other cultures, okay for men to kiss or hold hands

Question 20

Who touches more in non-intimate, mixed-sex dyads?

Answer 20

Men initiate more touch

Question 21

Who touches more in intimate mixed-sex dyads?

Answer 21

In marriage, women initiate more touch

Question 22

Is male-male touch acceptable?

Answer 22

In sports, okay for men to touch more
- Sports teams with more touch have better season records

Question 23

Manspreading

Answer 23

A sitting position with legs wide apart

Question 24

Can women manspread?

Answer 24

Socially, women are not supposed to

Question 25

Are there rules to manspreading?

Answer 25

Not for men, but women shouldn't do it

Question 26

How does posture affect entitlement?

Answer 26

Men who manspread are seen as more entitled

Question 27

Do those using expansive body postures feel more or less confident?

Answer 27

For men it increases confidence, for women it decreases confidence

Question 28

Sex differences in experiencing emotions

Answer 28

- Women = more affiliative emotions (love, warmth) - Men = more anger and pride

Question 29

Does the type of study for measuring emotions matter?

Answer 29

- Self-report may reflect gender norms - Research that assessed emotion in real time found very little differences between men and women

Question 30

Sex differences in expression emotions

Answer 30

Display rules - Norms that regulate how, when, and whether individuals should express particular emotions - Violating these rules = viewed more negatively - Women who express anger at work viewed as lower status and recommended for lower salaries - Men who express anger viewed as higher status than men who express sadness

Question 31

Gender role strain

Answer 31

A psychological situation in which gender role demands have negative consequences on the individual or others

Question 32

Outcome of gender role strain

Answer 32

Results in physical and mental health problems, both for the individual and for relationships they are in

Question 33

When does gender role strain occur?

Answer 33

When boys/men: - Deviate from or violate gender role norms of masculinity - Try to meet or fail to meet norms of masculinity - Experience discrepancies between real and ideal self-concepts based on gender role stereotypes - Personally devalue, restrict or violate themselves - Experience personal devaluations, restrictions, or violations from others - Personally devalue, restrict, or violate others because of gender role stereotypes

Question 34

Masculine ideology

Answer 34

Anti-femininity, achievement oriented, avoids the appearance of weakness, and seeks adventure, risk, and violence

Question 35

Gender role conflict

Answer 35

- Problems resulting from adherence to rigid, sexist, or restrictive gender roles, learned during socialization, that result in personal restriction, deviation, or violation of others or self - Outcome of gender role strain

Question 36

4 domains where men experience gender role conflict

Answer 36

- Success, power, and competition - Restrictive emotionality - Affectionate behavior between men - Conflict between work and family relations

Question 37

Problems men experience at higher rates than women

Answer 37

Men are more likely to: - Have learning difficulties - Behavior problems, including bullying, school suspensions - More likely to be victims of violent crimes - Be overrepresented in the prison population

Question 38

Bias in diagnoses and treatment for men

Answer 38

- Men more likely to commit suicide but less likely to be diagnosed with internalizing disorders such as depression - Internalizing disorders go against male traditional gender role

Question 39

Suggestions for men so they can have a more healthy manhood

Answer 39

- Embracing and expressing a full range of emotion - Validating the feelings of other boys and men - Being willing to cry - Being vulnerable - Validating the lives of girls and women - Treating all people equally and promoting the betterment of humanity - Never using control or violence - Never using gender-based attributes to bully or discriminate - Never using language that denigrates women and girls - Having an interest in women and girls outside of sexual conquest - Modeling healthy manhood for other men and boys - Using your influence and platforms to promote its practice