Chapter 11 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Q: What % of body weight is water?
A
A: About 60%
2
Q
Q: What hormone triggers thirst when dehydrated?
A
A: Hypothalamus
3
Q
Q: What is the obligatory water loss per day?
A
A: 500 mL (2 cups)
4
Q
Q: What is hyponatremia?
A
A: Low sodium concentration in the blood
headache, confusion, seizures, coma
5
Q
Q: How much water should men and women drink per day?
A
A: Men: 3.7L, Women: 2.7L
6
Q
Q: What does ADH do?
A
hypothalamus signals pituitary glands and stimulate kidneys to reabsorb water/ excrete less
7
Q
Q: What is the role of aldosterone?
A
A: Retains Na+ and excretes K+ to maintain fluid balance
8
Q
what is electrolytes?
A
salts that dissociate into ions (e.g: Na and Cl)
- Ions are positively and negatively charged particles Na+ Cl-
9
Q
Q: What is osmosis?
A
A: Movement of water toward more concentrated solute
o Water flows in the direction of the more highly concentrated solution
10
Q
Q: What is the DASH diet?
A
A: Diet to lower BP by reducing Na+ and increasing K+
11
Q
Q: What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
A
A: Exchanges Na+ for K+ across cell membranes using ATP
12
Q
Q: Where is most phosphorus found in the body?
A
A: In bones and teeth
13
Q
Q: What causes heat cramps?
A
A: Fluid and sodium loss from muscles
14
Q
Q: What causes edema?
A
A: Fluid leaks due to low protein or electrolyte imbalance
15
Q
Q: What is Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)?
A
A: Fluid + sugar + salt to treat dehydration
16
Q
- Which mineral is the major extracellular cation?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Phosphorus
D. Calcium
A
B
17
Q
- What is the main function of chloride?
A. Bone mineralization
B. Muscle growth
C. Stomach acidity and fluid balance
D. Oxygen transport
A
C
18
Q
- What is the AI for potassium in men? women?
A. 2000mg
B. 2600mg
C. 3400mg
D. 4000mg
A
men: C
women: B
19
Q
- Which type of water contains calcium and magnesium?
A. Soft
B. Hard
C. Distilled
D. Mineral
A
B
benefit blood pressure
leaves ring on tub, crystals in tea, grey laundry
20
Q
- What regulates acid-base balance in the body?
A. Protein only
B. Lungs and kidneys
C. Water alone
D. Electrolytes only
A
B
21
Q
- Which fluid contains the most potassium? is it an anion or cation?
A. Extracellular
B. Intravascular
C. Intracellular
D. Interstitial
A
C
cation
22
Q
- What fluid makes up the majority of body fluid?
A. Plasma
B. Extracellular fluid
C. Interstitial fluid
D. Intracellular fluid
A
D
23
Q
- Which is a symptom of water intoxication?
A. Dry mouth
B. Edema
C. Hyponatremia
D. Sweating
A
C
Decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
o Signs: confusion, convulsions, may even lead to death
24
Q
- What is the major anion of extracellular fluid?
A. Phosphate
B. Bicarbonate
C. Chloride
D. Sulfate
A
C
25
Q: What is extracellular fluid, and why is it important?
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is all body fluid outside the cells. It includes intravascular and interstitial fluid.
Function: Transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste to and from cells.
Importance: Maintains fluid balance, supports circulation, and enables cell communication.
26
Q: What is intravascular fluid, and what does it do?
Intravascular fluid is the fluid within blood vessels, primarily plasma.
Function: Transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Importance: Critical for maintaining blood pressure and perfusion of tissues.
27
Q: What is intracellular fluid, and why is it essential?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid inside the cells, making up about 2/3 of total body water.
Function: Supports cellular processes, metabolism, and chemical reactions.
Importance: Maintains cell structure, electrolyte balance, and enzyme function.
28
Q: What is interstitial fluid, and what role does it play?
Interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells, surrounding tissues.
Function: Acts as a bridge for nutrient and waste exchange between blood and cells.
Importance: Helps deliver oxygen/nutrients to cells and remove waste, also involved in immune responses.
29
composition of the body's weight in lean tissue and fat
75% of the weight of lean tissue, 25% of the weight of fat
30
where is water found in the body?
vessels, cells, tissues, organs
31
water intake comes from...
o Ingested liquids ~70%
o Ingested foods ~20%
o Metabolic water ~10% (produced as end-product of metabolic reactions)
32
excretion of water is regulated by brain and kidneys, but taken from where?
sweat, urine, breath, feces
33
body weight % lost and symptoms of such water loss
1-2: thirst, tired, weak, no hunger
3-4: dry mouth, reduced urine, impaired physical performance
5-6: headache, sleepy, increased breathing
7-10: dizzy, delirium, exhaustion, collapse
34
water intoxication
Water content too high from excessive ingestion of plain water
o 10-20 liters within a few hours
o Stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking
o Dilutes sodium content of blood
35
DRI’s Adequate Intake (AI)
≈80% of day’s need for water
o Men: 3.7 litres of fluid from water, beverages, and foods (AI)
o Women: 2.7 litres of fluid from water, beverages, and foods (AI)
1-1.5ml/kcal = 2-3L per 2000kcal diet (8-12 cups)
36
soft water
high concentrations of sodium or potassium
o May increase blood pressure and risk of heart disease because of higher sodium content
o Preferred for washing, cleaning and bathing (drinking may give you too much sodium)
o More bubbles with less soap
37
carbonated water/ distilled/ mineral/ public
- Carbonated: Contains CO2 (naturally or added) to create bubbles
- Distilled: Vaporized, free of dissolved minerals
- Mineral: spring/ well, natural minerals, high in sodium
- Public: municipal water system, treated and disinfected
38
kidneys adjust blood volume and pressure through what?
urine output
39
if blood pressure falls, what is released by kidneys?
renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, ADH
40
angiotensin does what?
(converted to active form that constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure)
- Renin hydrolyzes it, turns it into angiotensin I (inactive until an enzyme converts it to active form of angiotensin II)
- Angiotensin II is vasoconstrictor that narrows blood vessels
41
body needs how much fluid inside the cells vs outside?
2/3 inside
1/3 outside
too much inside, rupture, too little, collapse
42
what major minerals control the movement of water? How much needs to be in body to qualify?
Na, CI, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
5g (trace minerals is less than 5)
43
osmotic pressure
Amount of pressure needed to prevent movement of water across a membrane
- Proteins are also involved in the movement of water
o Draw water in spaces (recall development of edema)
o Act as transporters to allow movement of substances from one side of the cell to the other
44
How does the GI tract regulate minerals and fluids?
Minerals from food and digestive juices are reabsorbed in the large intestine
About 8 liters of fluids/minerals are absorbed and recycled
Plays a key role in fluid/mineral regulation
45
How do the kidneys regulate sodium and potassium?
When sodium is low, aldosterone triggers sodium reabsorption
As sodium is reabsorbed, potassium is excreted to maintain charge balance
Kidneys regulate electrolyte homeostasis
46
What causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and how is it treated?
Causes: Vomiting, diarrhea, burns, traumatic wounds, aldosterone-secreting tumors
Water alone won’t restore balance
Treatments:
ORT (oral rehydration therapy) for mild/moderate dehydration (water + glucose + sodium)
IV fluids/electrolytes for severe cases
47
How is acid-base balance maintained in the body?
pH is based on H⁺ ion concentration
More H⁺ → lower pH (acidic)
More OH⁻ → higher pH (basic)
Normal pH = 7.35–7.45
Out-of-range pH denatures proteins
48
What roles do minerals and buffers play in acid-base balance?
Minerals help maintain pH
Buffers (in blood, lungs, kidneys) regulate H⁺:
Blood: Buffer molecules absorb/release H⁺
Lungs: Adjust respiration rate to release CO₂
Kidneys: Control bicarbonate excretion/reabsorption based on pH
49
sodium as a mineral
main extracellular (cation)
absorbed in intestine, through blood to kidneys
muscle contractions, nerve impulse
75% of sodium is added to foods
2,300mg/ d CDRR
50
what minerals work together to maintain cells' normal fluid and electrolyte balance/ acid-base balance?
sodium, chloride, potassium
51
1g of salt is equal to how much sodium?
how about chloride?
400mg sodium
600mg chloride
52
hypertension
more salt
DASH diet
- increase K, decrease Na+
K rich foods, whole grains, etc.
53
osteoperosis
high salt = increased calcium excretion, influence on boned density unclear
54
daily loss of water is how much?
2.5L
55
most fruits/ veg contain how much water? what about meat/ cheese?
- Most fruits and veg contain up to 90% water
- Meats and cheeses contain at least 50%
56
List 3 major roles of potassium in the body.
Maintains fluid & electrolyte balance, helps protein synthesis, transmits nerve impulses, and contracts heart muscles.
57
food rich in potassium
Fresh fruits & vegetables, dairy, grains, lentils, meat, fish.
58
How does processing affect potassium levels in food?
less potassium, more sodium
59
signs of potassium deficiency
Early: high BP, kidney stones, bone turnover
Advanced: irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance
60
potassium toxicity
cannot get too much from foods, only supplements
symptoms: muscular weakness, vomiting, possible heart stoppage
61
What is the major negatively charged intracellular mineral?
Phosphorus (as phosphate, PO₄³⁻)
62
What % of phosphorus is in bone & teeth with calcium?
85
63
List 5 key functions of phosphorus.
DNA/RNA synthesis
Part of phospholipids (cell membranes)
Maintains fluid balance (w/ potassium)
Energy transfer (ATP)
Buffers acid-base balance
64
How does phosphorus relate to ATP and B vitamins?
ATP has 3 phosphate groups; B vitamins become active when a phosphate group attaches.
65
RDA & UL for phosphorus
RDA: 700 mg/d
UL: 4000 mg/d
66
Top food sources of phosphorus?
Animal proteins, milk products, salmon, whole grains, seeds, edamame, broccoli.
(Milk/cheese = 25% of intake in NA)
67
Is phosphorus deficiency common? Symptoms?
what about excess?
Very rare; may cause bone pain and muscle weakness.
excess; Calcification of kidneys
68
causes, symptoms and treatments for heat cramps
loss of water & sodium from muscles during activity
muscle twitches
stop activity, cool down, drink something with salt, seek help in 1 hr
69
causes, symptoms, and treatment of heat exhaustion
prolonged exertion in heat means alot of sweat
headache, nausea, vertigo, weak, collapse
move to cool area, drink fluid, remove gear/ loosen clothes
apply cool compress/ shower
70
causes, symptoms, and treatment of heat stroke
overexertion, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance means body cannot regulate temp
no sweat, high core temp, weakness, fast pulse, hyperventilation, convulsions, disorientation, unconscious
call 911, cool person in shade
