Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Food & Nutrition > FINAL EXAM STUDY > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM STUDY Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

definition of vitamins

A

organic, essential, needed in small amounts, regulates processes that support growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what vitamins are found in vegs/ fruit, whole grains, and proteins?

A

veg/fruit: folate B9

whole grain: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate
*B1, B2, B3, B9

proteins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition of minerals

A

inorganic (no carbon), essential, required in varying amounts, helps build structural components in body and regulate body processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

major minerals vs. trace minerals

A

major: essential in large amounts (over 100mg)
trace: essential in small amounts (less than 100mg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

process of water soluble vitamins

A

vit B & C
absorbed into blood, freely travels in blood, no storage, excess removed by kidneys into urine
*consume more as body excretes instead of stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

process of fat soluble vitamins

A

vit A,E,D,K
absorbed into lymph, then into blood (same as fat) absorbed with dietary fats into micelles, packed into chylomicrons inside intestinal cells, enter the lymph system first, and then move into the bloodstream
travel with transport proteins like fats
stay stored in body, can be toxic since they stay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do B vitamins help the body?

A

act as coenzymes (join with enzymes to help speed up chemical reactions)
By doing so, they…
- Convert glucose into usable energy (pyruvate and beyond)
- Prepare amino acids for energy use
- Break down fatty acids into smaller parts for energy production

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin
All participate in releasing energy from protein, carbs, and fat.

Vitamin B6
Helps the body use amino acids to make protein.

Folate and vitamin B12
Help cells multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

B vitamins (with names)

A

o B1 – thiamine
o B2 – riboflavin
o B3 – niacin
o B5 – pantothenic acid
o B6 – pyridoxine
o B7 – biotin
o B9 – folate
o B12 – cyanocobalamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

signs of Vit B deficiency

A

deficiencies show up in pairs normally
depression, swollen tongue, skin problems, nausea, depression, loss of weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thiamin deficiency diseases

A

B1
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
- Affects brain tissues
- Associated with alcohol use disorder
irritability, mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, jerky eye movements
Beriberi (wet/dry) prolonged deficiency (polishing rice)
wet: cardiovascular system, dilated blood vessels, sodium and water retention = edema (imprint of thumb)
dry: nervous system, loss of sensation in hands/ feet, paralysis
shows up together, one set of symptoms show more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 active forms of B6

A

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anemia vs. edema

A

anemia: low RBC or hemoglobin, not enough oxygen in body tissues
edema: fluid retention in tissues, swelling, fluids leak from blood vessels to nearby tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources when your body needs it
First: Amino acids from proteins.
Then: Glycerol from fats.
Fatty acids mainly provide energy, not glucose (slower, needs more oxygen, large amounts of energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what B vitamins can be made in the body?

A

niacin (B3) through AA tryptophan
biotin (B7) through GI bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why do egg whites prevent biotin absorption?

A

cooking the egg denatures protein so no problem
but raw whites has a protein that binds to biotin, causing no absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Folic Acid RDA

A

400 ug/ day for male and female
People of childbearing age need double (half from food, half synthetic to reduce neural tube defects)
Pregnancy: 600 ug/day DFE (dietary folate equivalents)
Lactation: 500 ug/day DFE
UL: 1000 ug/day (from synthetic forms only, supplements & fortified foods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is atrophic gastritis and its result?

A

Atrophic gastritis damages stomach cells, reducing HCl and intrinsic factor, which can lead to pernicious anemia. (B12 absorption problem due to lack of IF, treated with B12 supplements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is macrocytic anemia and its symptoms?

A

Macrocytic anemia means large, immature red blood cells. It’s mainly due to folate deficiency and symptoms include fatigue and paleness. It can be treated with folate intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is it dangerous to treat a B₁₂ deficiency with folate alone?

A

Folate can resolve anemia but masks a B₁₂ deficiency, allowing irreversible nerve damage to progress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primary vs secondary deficiency

A

primary: not consuming enough
secondary: problem with absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is keto acids?

A

➥ Keto acids are the form of amino acids after their amine group is removed through deanimation
➥ They can be used for energy production or other metabolic processes once the body has absorbed the amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glycogen vs Amylopectin

A

Both are highly branched chains of glucose.
Glycogen: Storage form in humans (liver, muscle).

Amylopectin: Storage form in plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are fat-free foods healthier?

A

no necessarily, sometimes they have more calories due to added sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

storage forms of glycogen

A

Liver: Stores for whole body use.

Muscles: Stores for its own use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hydrolysis vs Condensation
Hydrolysis = Break down with water
 Condensation = Remove water to connect molecules
26
Why “vegetable sweats” when adding salt
Water exits the vegetable by osmosis, following a concentration gradient.
27
How do insulin and glucagon regulate glucose storage and release?
➥ Insulin: Stores excess glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle; converts excess into fatty acids. ➥ Glucagon: Signals the release of glucose when blood sugar drops.
28
How are peptide bond formation and hydrolysis opposites, and what role do the amino and acid groups play in this process?
➥ Peptide bond formation (condensation): Amino group reacts with acid group, linking two amino acids and release water. ➥ Hydrolysis: Water is added back in, breaking the bond and splitting the molecules.
29
Methionine and Cysteine
B12, B9, Sulphur Methionine is an essential amino acid (from food) and serves as a methyl donor in many body processes. Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid that can be made from methionine in the body.
30
what does chromium deficiency act as?
diabetes like high blood glucose
31
what to consider when choosing a supplement
needs 8 digit natural products number (NPN) means its assessed by Health Canada avoid high doses avoid ones that give more than UL for any nutrient avoid a lot of iron unless prescribed
32
What are inositol and carnitine, and what are their roles in the body?
Inositol: Made from glucose, part of cell membranes and involved in cell signaling. Carnitine: Made from lysine, helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria for energy, but doesn’t actually “burn fat” or spare glycogen during exercise.
33
antioxidants do what?
protect our cells from oxidative damage
34
oxidative stress
accumulation of free radicals exceeds ability to defend against them
35
why do our cells oxidize nutrients?
extract energy (glucose, fatty acids)
36
cell differentiation
helping cells develop into specific types to do specific jobs
37
if you dont have enough vitamin A, whats the first sign?
night blindness, then long term its succeptible to illnesses
38
What are degradative enzymes?
Degradative enzymes are proteins that break down molecules during metabolism and cellular processes.
39
measles and vit A relationship
vit A inhibits replication of measles, correlated deficiencies doses of vit A given to children with measles in developing countries
40
xerophthalmia vs night blindness
xerophthalmia: total blindness, lack of vit A at front of eye. Stages (xerosis: less mucus causes dried cornea, leads to keratomalacia/ soft cornea, then total blindness forever) night blindness: no vit A at back of eye
41
symptoms of deficient vit A
poor immunity (measles) night blindness (no vit at back of eye) xerophthalmia (no vit at front) keratinization (accumulate keratin, skin is hard)
42
Keratinization
too much keratin (hard protein) no mucus, goblet cells diminish, GI tract hard happens around hair (hyperkeratinization or hyperkeratosis)
43
vitamins that can be toxic when consumed in excess (mostly from supplements)
fat-soluble: Vitamin A/ retinol can cause nausea, headache, liver damage, even birth defects. Vitamin D can cause high blood calcium, kidney damage. Vitamin E high doses may increase bleeding risk. Vitamin K can interfere with blood-thinners if too much water-soluble: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) nerve damage. Niacin (Vitamin B3) can cause flushing, liver damage. Vitamin C stomach upset, kidney stones.
44
Hypervitaminosis A
(concentrated amounts of preformed vit A (active form), can be toxic
45
What is the role of retinol binding proteins (RBP) in vitamin A transport, and why do protein and vitamin A deficiencies often occur together?
RBP transports vitamin A from the liver through the blood to cells. Cells have specific protein receptors for RBP that determine how they use vitamin A. Because RBP is a protein, deficiencies in protein can impair vitamin A transport, so protein and vitamin A deficiencies often occur together.
46
Why is vitamin A toxicity related to bone problems?
stimulating bone breakdown and inhibiting bone formation, disrupting calcium balance.
47
How do PUFA and vitamin E work together, and why are fried foods unhealthy in this context?
PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and vitamin E work together to protect cells from oxidative damage by balancing each other. However, when PUFAs are heated (like in fried foods), they break down and become harmful, which makes fried foods unhealthy despite vitamin E’s presence.
48
what 3 things does vitamin C act as cofactors in?
collagen formation, carnitine formation, hormone production
49
How does vitamin E protect vitamin A?
Vitamin E is an antioxidant. Protects vitamin A from oxidation, especially in the intestines and during storage in the body
50
How does vitamin C help iron?
It converts nonheme iron (Fe³+) into the more absorbable Fe²+ form. It protects iron from oxidation, keeping it in a form the body can use.
51
how does vit E and vit C defend against heart disease?
vit E: defends against LDL oxidation, inflammation, less plaque vit C: defends against LDL oxidation, raises HDL, lowers total cholesterol
52
how does vitamin C raise HDL?
Vitamin C assists in converting cholesterol into bile acids in the liver, thereby raising HDL and lowering LDL
53
how do trace minerals act as antioxidants?
manganese, zinc and copper help enzyme called superoxide dismutase that turns bad particles into hydrogen peroxide iron helps enzyme catalase that turns the peroxide into water and oxygen
54
how do nutrients and phytochemicals with antioxidant activity minimize damage?
limit free radical formation, destroys them and their precursors, stimulates antioxidant enzyme activity, repairs oxidative damage, supports immune system
55
what are bones made of?
mineral crystals (65% inorganic) that are deposited onto protein (collagen) matrix (35% bone matter)
56
types of tissues in bone
o Cortical: dense, ivory, strength on outer wall of large bones, main tissue of small bones o Trabecular: susceptible to changes in circulating hormone levels, more readily releases minerals
57
what types of nutrients are involved in bone health?
calcium, minerals phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, vitamins A, D and K, and protein
58
bone mineral density
how tight the mineral crystals are packed into protein matrix, indicator of bone strength
59
What is bone remodeling?
The continuous process of breaking down old bone and forming new bone. ➥ Allows for growth, repair, and maintenance of bone strength. ➥ Mainly involves osteoclasts (break down bone) and osteoblasts (build bone).
60
what is bone loss determined by?
genetics, weight bearing activity, alcohol, animal protein, smoking, nutrient intake, sleep, stress, BMI
61
What are the two main nutrients for bone health?
Calcium and vitamin D. Calcium provides structure, and vitamin D helps absorb calcium
62
Hydroxyapatite
chief crystal in bone formation (calcium, phosphorus)
63
what are Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone's roles in the regulation of calcium?
Calcitonin: thyroid hormones, lowers blood calcium by inhibiting vit D activation, stops reabsorption of calcium in kidneys, inhibits osteoclast from breaking down bone Parathyroid hormone: parathyroid hormone, raises blood calcium, stimulates activation of vit D, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium, stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone
64
What disorders can result from abnormal vitamin D or hormone secretion affecting calcium?
Calcium rigor: Elevated blood calcium; muscles contract and stay tight. Calcium tetany: Low blood calcium; muscles contract uncontrollably.
65
what enhances and inhibits calcium absorption?
Enhances absorption: Stomach acid, vit D, lactose Inhibits absorption: Lack of stomach acid, low vit D, high protein intake, phytates (seeds, nuts), oxalates (beet greens, sweet potatoes)
66
Why isn’t blood calcium a good indicator of osteoporosis?
Because the body maintains a stable blood calcium level by removing calcium from bone, regardless of bone health.
67
RDA and UL for calcium
o Under 18: 1300mg/day o Adult: 100mg/day o Men over 51: 1000mg/day o Men over 71: 1200mg/day o Women over 51: 1200mg/day o UL: 2500mg/day 19-50 o 2000mg/day over 51
68
How can excess phosphorus cause kidney calcification?
High phosphorus binds to calcium, forming calcium phosphate deposits in the kidneys, damaging their function.
69
how does the body synthesize vit D?
o UV light shines on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin  Turns into inactive (calciol) vit D3 precursor, absorbed into blood, liver converts it to cacidiol, kidney converts it to cacitriol (active form) calciol -> cacidiol -> calcitriol
70
RDA & UL for vitamin D
o Adult 19-70: 600IU/day or 15µg/day o Adult over 70: 800IU/day or 20µg/day o UL: 4000IU/day or 100µg/day  Health Canada: over 51 take 400IU/10µg from supplements
71
How does reduced calbindin affect bone health?
Calbindin drops → less calcium is absorbed from diet → less calcium available for bone maintenance → weak bones (osteoporosis).
72
what happens if you are deficient in vitamin D as a child and an adult?
o Rickets: children, pigeon chest, beaded ribs, bowed legs (children get 10µg/day) o Osteomalacia: adults, weak bones in legs & spine due to poor mineralization
73
what is blood composed of?
o 55% of volume is plasma o 45% is red blood cells o Less than 1% is platelets and white blood cells
74
how long does it take for blood to circulate from heart, around body, back to heart?
1 min
75
how much blood is in men and women?
5L women, 5.5L men
76
how does blood clot?
vit K activate prothrombin, turns into thrombin with help from calcium, forms the clot through carboxylation
77
What is hemophilia and why was vitamin K thought to be a cure?
Hemophilia — a genetic disorder affecting clotting factors Scientists hoped vitamin K might help because it’s needed for some coagulation factors
78
what 2 proteins is iron found in?
o In 2 proteins (hemoglobin in RBC, myoglobin in muscles) o hemoglobin: carries O2 from lungs to tissues o myoglobin: carries and stores O2 for muscles
79
How does iron's ability to change states help in oxidation-reduction reactions?
Iron can exist in two forms: ➥ Ferrous (Fe²+) – after losing 2 electrons ➥ Ferric (Fe³+) – after losing 3rd electron It switches back and forth, acting as a cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions.
80
reduction vs oxidation
oxidation: losing electrons reduction: gaining electrons
81
cofactor
non-protein helper that assists an enzyme's activity
82
what maintains iron balance?
Hepcidin Regulates balance, limits absorption, control release from liver, spleen and marrow. Produced by liver
83
what does iron absorption depend on?
Depends on source  Heme iron; meat, fish, poultry, well absorbed, bound to hemoglobin & myoglobin (25% absorbed, 10% intake)  Non-heme iron; plant-based foods & animal foods, less absorbed (17% absorbed, 90% intake)
84
RDA and UL for Iron
o Women 19-50: 18mg/day o Women 51+: 8mg/day o Pregnant: 27mg/day o Men: 8mg/day o Vegetarians 1.8x RDA o UL: 45mg/day
85
stages of iron deficiency
o Reduced iron stores (ferritin), increases with infections o Decrease in transferrin due to decrease of iron stores o Lack of iron limits hemoglobin production
86
- Iron deficiency: depleted body iron stores Iron deficiency anemia
- Iron deficiency: depleted body iron stores - Iron deficiency anemia: severe depletion of iron stores, results in low hemoglobin (RBC that are pale/ hypochromic, and small/microcytic)
87
what two nutrients absorption rate increases/ decreases depending on the body's composition?
iron & zinc
88
What is enteropancreatic circulation?
The recycling of zinc from the pancreas to the small intestine and back again — conserving zinc in the body.
89
RDA & UL for Zinc (and why the UL is set)
- Recommendation (RDA) o Men: 11mg/day o Women: 8mg/day o UL: 40mg/day Based off zinc’s interference with copper and iron absorption (issues with heart)
90
What are phytates and which nutrients do they inhibit?
phytates (found in whole grains, legumes, and seeds) bind to and reduce absorption of iron, zinc, and calcium.
91
How does zinc deficiency affect vitamin A?
Zinc deficiency impairs vitamin A metabolism, causing vitamin A deficiency symptoms to appear.
92
how does copper aid iron transportation?
catalyze oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, allows iron to bind to transferrin for transport to the bone marrow and used in the formation of hemoglobin
93
Copper deficiency and toxicity diseases and how to help
- Deficiency: rare, Menkes disease (intestinal cells absorb but can’t release it, life-threatening, need it in IV) - Toxic? Wilson’s disease: copper accumulates in liver and brain, reduce copper intake to help, take zinc supplements (interferes with absorption)
94
what does lead do to the body?
accumulates, compromises growth, competes with other nutrients in place of their absorption (iron, calcium, zinc)
95
how does vitamin C enhance absorption of non-heme iron?
vitamin C helps by converting ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) iron, which is the form absorbed, mostly relevant to non-heme iron. Vitamin C does not bind heme iron or affect it like that
96
Iron overload can cause free radical damage primarily because?
iron overload causes free radical damage because excess iron catalyzes reactive oxygen species formation (Fenton reaction)

Food & Nutrition (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions