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Immunology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of the humoral immune response?

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Proliferation
  3. Differentiation
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2
Q

What is involved in the recognition phase of the humoral response?

A

Antigen binds to naive IgM+IgD+ mature B cells

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3
Q

What is involved in the proliferation phase of the humoral response?

A

Activated B cell proliferates through clonal expansion

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4
Q

What is the differentiation phase of the humoral response?

A

Progeny B cells develop into plasma cells or long lived memory cells

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5
Q

What are the effector cells of the humoral response?

A

plasma cells

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6
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

Effector B cells that secrete antibodies

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7
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

When mutations occur in the germline of the IgG that make the antibody have higher affinity for the antigen

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8
Q

What are T cell dependent antigens?

A

antigens that require CD4 T cells that recognize the same antigen

usually proteins

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9
Q

What are T cell independent antigens?

A

antigens in which antibody responses can be made in the absence of CD4 T cell help

Polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids

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10
Q

In which type of antigen is heavy chain class switching comming?

A

T cell dependent

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11
Q

In which type of antigen is affinity maturation common?

A

t cell dependent

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12
Q

Why don’t T cell independent antigens require T cell help?

A

because they can’t be presented on MHC

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13
Q

Where are humoral immune responses initiated?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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14
Q

what collects blood borne antigens?

A

the spleen

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15
Q

what collects antigens from the skin or other epithelial surfaces?

A

draining peripheral lymph nodes

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16
Q

what collects inhaled or ingested antigens?

A

mucosal lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

What class of antibodies are produced in a primary response?

A

Mostly IgM

A little IgG

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18
Q

What type of antibody is produced in a secondary response?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which types of antigens can induce a primary response?

A

all immunogens

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20
Q

Which types of antigens can induce a secondary response?

A

only protein antigens

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21
Q

Which response (primary or secondary or both) is capable of undergoing affinity maturation?

A

secondary

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22
Q

What types of long-lived cells are produced during a primary response?

A

plasma cells - survive in the bone marrow and produce antibodies for long periods

memory B cells

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23
Q

Which types of B cells can respond to T-independent antigens?

A

Marginal zone B cells and B1 B cells

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24
Q

Which type of B cells responds to T dependent antigens?

A

Follicular B cells

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25
Which type of B cells participate in the germinal center reaction?
follicular B cells
26
What type of antibody do marginal zone B cells produce?
IgM
27
What type of antibody do B1 cells produce?
IgM
28
Where are B1 B cells found?
mucosal tissues, peritoneal cavity
29
which type of B cell is capable of producing long-lived plasma cells?
follicular B cells
30
What class of antibody can Follicular B cells produce?
IgG, IgA, IgE
31
What forms the germinal center?
Activated B cells that have gotten help from CD4 cells
32
which type of B cell can undergo class switching?
FOB
33
Can marginal zone B cells and B1 B cells get CD4 help?
NO
34
What are the antigen receptors of mature B cells?
membrane Ig molecules
35
What are the antigen receptors for naive B cells?
IgM and IgD
36
What are the 2 purposes of the B cell antigen receptor?
1. binding of antigen --> receptor clustering --> signal transduction --> cellular activation 2. for proteins - receptor binds and internalizes antigen into endosomal vesicles --> presentation of peptides on MHC II
37
What is ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif)?
signaling portion of the B cell receptor
38
What part of the B cell receptor complex contain ITAMs?
Ig-alpha and Ig-beta
39
What is the B cell receptor complex?
Ig + Ig-alpha + Ig-beta
40
What leads to phosphorylation of the ITAMs?
antigen mediated crosslinking of 2 or more receptors
41
What is CCR2?
Complement receptor for Cd3
42
When can CD3 activate the CCR2 complex?
When it is bound to antigen
43
How can PAMPs activate B cells?
By binding to TLRs on the B cell
44
How does CD3 activate a B cell?
Binds to an antigen and the binds to the CCR2 complex
45
What signals can synergize with the B cell receptor to enhance B cell proliferation and differentiation?
CD3 (with antigen) --> CCR2 PAMPs --> TLRs
46
Will antigen alone activate a B cell?
No, need CD3 or a PAMP
47
What are the functional responses of antigen-mediated crosslinking o the BCR complex?
Increased survival/proliferation Increased expression of B7s Increased expression of cytokine receptors Increased expression of CCR7 for migration to T cell areas
48
What is the classical complement pathway?
activation of the complement system by binding to antigen-complexed antibody molecules
49
What are the alternative and lectin complement pathways?
Activation of complement by binding directly to microbes or to a carbohydrate
50
What is the key component of complement activation of B cells?
C3
51
Cleavage of C3 yields what?
C3b
52
Degradation of C3b yields what?
C3d
53
What is CR2 (CCR2 sometimes)
C3d receptor on B cells
54
What is the result of CR2 activation?
ITAM on CD19 can be activated by kinases --> B cell activation
55
The requirement for a second signal for B cell activation has what consequences?
A B cell response will only occur when microbes and antigens that activate complement are encountered The response is amplified because more antibodies will be produced --> more complement --> more B cell activation
56
CD4 T cells stimulate what responses from B cells?
clonal expansion isotype switching affinity maturation differentiation into memory B cells
57
Where does the initial T-B interaction occur?
Outside the follicle
58
Where are short-lived plasma cells produced?
outside the follicle with the help of an extrafollicular helper T cells
59
After the initial T-B interaction, what are the possible fates of the B cell?
1. Remain outside the follicle --> short-lived plasma cell | 2. Re-enter the follicle --> long-lived plasma cell or memory cell
60
What cells interact with B cells in the germinal center?
Follicular dendritic cell | Follicular helper T cell
61
What controls the movement of T and B cells during Ab responses?
altering the expression of specific chemokine receptors on the cell surface
62
What promotes T cell movement toward the follicle?
Downregulation of CCR7 | upregulation of CXCR5
63
What promotes movement of B cells toward the T cell zone?
Upregulation of CCR7
64
What happens to protein antigens bound to membrane Ig?
They are endocytosed and presented as peptide fragments on MHC II
65
What stimulates expression of B7s?
Antigen binding to the B cell
66
What happens after a B cell presents antigen to a T cell?
Activation of the B cell by cytokines and CD40 ligation; initiation of the germinal center reaction
67
Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both undergo isotype switching?
both
68
Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both undergo affinity maturation?
germinal cener
69
Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both become long plasma cells?
germinal center
70
Can extrafollicular B cells, germinal center B cell or both become memory cells?
germinal center
71
Can the T cell receptor be mutated once it is an effector?
No
72
Can the B cell receptor be mutated once it is an effector?
yes
73
When do helper T cells express CD40 ligand?
after recognizing antigen and costimulators
74
What happens after CD40 and CD40L interaction?
B cell proliferation and differentiation
75
What is a hapten?
An antigen that is too small to be recognized by T cells
76
How can a T cell help B cells respond to haptens?
If the hapten is covalently linked to a carrier, the T cell can help by recognizing the carrier
77
What stimulates antibody synthesis and secretion?
CD40 mediated signals and cytokines
78
What cytokine stimulate antibody production?
IL-2, IL-4, IL-6
79
Where are antibody secreting cells primarily found?
red pulp of the spleen or medulla of the lymph node
80
What are plasma cells?
antibody secreting cells that migrate to the bone marrow
81
What is the dark zone of a germinal center?
Where proliferating cells are
82
What is the light zone of a germinal center?
where B cells actively proliferate and interact with follicular DC and T helper cells undergo affinity maturation
83
What is the mantle zone of a germinal center?
where naive B cells are
84
Do germinal centers form during T cell independent antibody responses?
no
85
What is the first Ig made?
IgM
86
What type of Ig is produced in response to IFN-gamma?
IgG2a
87
what type of Ig is produced in response to IL-4
IgE and IgG1
88
What type of Ig is produced in response to TGF-beta?
IgA
89
Where are high levels of IgA found?
in the GI tract
90
What is the effector function of IgM?
complement activation
91
What are the effector functions of IgG?
complement activation Fc receptor dependent phagocyte responses neonatal immunity
92
what are the effector functions of IgE?
immunity against helminths | mast cell degranulation
93
what is the effector function of IgA?
mucosal immunity
94
What is the cytokine signal for IgM?
none
95
Switch recombination
rearranged VDJ gene segment recombines with a downstream C region gene and the intervening sequences are lost permanent change in the DNA
96
what is the purpose of somatic hypermutation?
increase affinity of antibody for antigen
97
mutations during primary and secondary responses are mostly confined to what regions?
CDR
98
Can T cell independent antigens induce delayed type hypersensitivity?
no
99
What is antibody feedback?
When lots of antibodies are produced they will bind to the antigen. B cells have an Fc receptor that binds to the Fc region of the antibody and will send a negative signal to shut off antibody production. This receptor is activated when an antigen-antibody complex binds to the B cell
100
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif
the inhibitory motif on the cytoplasmic tail of the Fc receptor on a B cell

Immunology (9 decks)

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