Chapter 11 Flashcards
(49 cards)
Personality
Organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each individual.
Dispositional Traits
Relatively enduring qualities along which people differ. (Ex: Introversion vs. Extraversion)
Characteristic Adaptations
Situation-specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their roles and environments.
Narrative Identities
Unique and integrative life stories that we construct about our pasts and futures to give ourselves an identity and our lives meaning.
Self-Concept
Your perceptions (positive or negative) of your unique attributes and traits as a person.
Self-Esteem
Your overall evaluation of your self-worth as a person, high or low, based on the perceptions that make up your self-concept.
Identity
Overall sense of who you are, where you’re heading, and where you fit into society.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Believe and agree that personality develops in stages!
Trait Theory
Believe personality is a set of dispositional trait dimensions along which people can differ. They assume personality traits are consistent across situations and relatively enduring. (Believe in BIG 5 Personality Traits)
Big Five Personality Traits
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
(We know that they seem to be universal!)
Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasize that people’s behavior is influenced by the situations they are in and changes if their environments change and different behaviors are reinforced. They think personality boils down to a set of behavioral tendencies shaped by interactions with other people in specific social situations.
What age do infants recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals?
18 Months
How can we test for infant self-recognition?
Mother dabs a spot of lipstick on an infant’s nose and then places the infant in front of a mirror. If the infant recognizes the mirror image as himself, he should notice the red spot and reach for/wipe his own nose rather than touch the mirror image.
______ and _______ contribute to the development of self-awareness in infancy.
Cognitive Development and Social Interaction
Temperament
Early, genetically based, and environmentally influenced tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the building blocks to later personality.
Thomas and Chess’s System for Temperament
Based on patterning of temperamental qualities, most infants could be placed in 1 of 3 categories. (Easy Temperament, Difficult Temperament, and Slow-to-warm-up Temperament)
Behavior Inhibition
Tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations. (Kagan used this to test children/adolescent response to novelty.)
Rothbart’s Approach to Temperament
- Surgency/Extraversion (confidently approach new experiences)
- Negative Effectivity (tendency to be sad/fearful/irritable)
- Effortful Control (Ability to focus and shift attention when desired)
Goodness of Fit
Extent to which a child’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world to which he/she must adapt.
How can parents provide goodness of fit with their child?
By getting to know the baby as an individual and allowing for their personality quirks.
How do Preschoolers Describe Themselves?
With physical characteristics, possessions, physical activities, accomplishments, and preferences.
By 3rd grade the 5 aspects of self-worth are?
- Scholastic Competence (feeling smart or doing well in school)
- Social Acceptance (being popular and feeling liked)
- Behavioral Conduct (staying out of trouble)
- Athletic Competence (Being good at sports)
- Physical Appearance (feeling good-looking)
By 3rd grade how accurate are children’s self-evaluations?
Pretty accurate!
How does the relationship between real self and ideal self-evaluations change in childhood?
The gap between real self and ideal self increases as children get older.
