Chapter 11 Flashcards
(37 cards)
FSH and LH from ANT PIT stimulate production of what in females
estradiol, progesterone
what does GH stimulate?
In liver: secretes IGF-1 in response to GH
In many other organs and tissues: protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Major stimulus of postnatal growth - stimulates cell division via IGF-1
Prolactin releasing hormone seems to take over what when under control of estrogen, and what does prolactin aid with?
– in females measurable levels of prolactin towards end of pregnancy and after birth – helps with milk production. If that’s not where female is in life = low levels and males = low levels. Not sure what prolactin’s other functions might be. There must be some other function that we don’t know about yet.
T4
thyroxine
T3
triiodithyronine
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal cortex hormones
aldosterone, androgens, cortisol
Effects of Increased Plasma Cortisol Concentration During Stress - First four LGPT
- Protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle, etc
- Liver uptake of amino acids for conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
- Maintain plasma glucose levels.
- Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood
- Enhanced vascular reactivity (vasoconstriction)
- Protects against damaging influences of stress
- Inhibits inflammation and specific immune responses
- Inhibits nonessential functions (growth and reproduction)
Cushing’s disease? What causes this?
Symptoms
hyper secretion of cortisol caused by anterior pituitary releasing too much ACTH
Symptoms: increased BP, decreased immunity, poor wound healing, increased glucose in the blood
Addison’s disease? Symptoms
hypo secretion of cortisol. decreased BP, increase of fatigue, decreased blood glucose, decreased cardiac output
-some people have low aldosterone levels too, which means K/Na imbalance
Aldosterone
reabsorb Na and secrete K
Actions of epinephrine, etc during stress
- increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis (provides a quick source of glucose)
- Increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride
- Decreased fatigue of skeletal muscles
- Diversion of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction in the former beds and vasodilation in the latter
- Increased cardiac function
- Increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways
The thyroid gland straddles what?
the esophagus just below the larynx in the neck
two types of cells of the thyroid that we need to know
-remember colloid glycoprotein (semi gelatinous area)
thyroid full of follicles - within each follicle we have follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
C - cells are in the interstitial space around follicles and they secrete calcitonin
Sequence of events of T3 and T4 production?
See notes so don’t type all of this up
Treatments for hyperthyroidism
surgically remove some of thyroid gland, treat symptoms (beta blockers to decrease HR), can have them drink radioactive iodine.
What happens as a result of low iodine in the diet?
TRH and TSH levels rise, and this increased stimulation of the thyroid by TSH causes goiter to form
Tropic hormones – land on another tissue first, and their target tissue responds by producing the cellular response but in addition those target tissues respond by growing in size (hypertrophy?)
…
Grave’s disease
autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Antibodies developed to a particular tissue. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobins that land on TSH receptors on thyroid gland, and act like TSH, so they stimulate thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4, and since it’s also simulating TSH receptors so it causes a goiter. Have a goiter, but have symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
ESSAY QUESTION – how can I possibly have a goiter and have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
^^
How you can have low levels of T3 and T4 and not have a goiter?
If anterior pituitary isn’t working then TSH is not landing on thyroid gland
If your thyroid gland is broken and for some reason it’s dumping lots of T3 and T4. If there are no antibodies that are attacking thyroid tissue and cause follicles to lyse and release T3 and T4, but negative feedback does work so TRH and TSH levels would be low. So TSH levels would be too low to cause goiter.
??
Chamber behind the lens increases in fluid content due to?
hyperthyroidism, and high BP
Where does long bone growth occur, and when does it occur?
It occurs pre-puberty at the epiphyseal growth plate. Lots of GH present pre-puberty.
