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BIO 421 FINAL > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

FSH and LH from ANT PIT stimulate production of what in females

A

estradiol, progesterone

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2
Q

what does GH stimulate?

A

In liver: secretes IGF-1 in response to GH

In many other organs and tissues: protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Major stimulus of postnatal growth - stimulates cell division via IGF-1

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3
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone seems to take over what when under control of estrogen, and what does prolactin aid with?

A

– in females measurable levels of prolactin towards end of pregnancy and after birth – helps with milk production. If that’s not where female is in life = low levels and males = low levels. Not sure what prolactin’s other functions might be. There must be some other function that we don’t know about yet.

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4
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

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5
Q

T3

A

triiodithyronine

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6
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

aldosterone, androgens, cortisol

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8
Q

Effects of Increased Plasma Cortisol Concentration During Stress - First four LGPT

A
  1. Protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle, etc
  2. Liver uptake of amino acids for conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  3. Maintain plasma glucose levels.
  4. Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood
  5. Enhanced vascular reactivity (vasoconstriction)
  6. Protects against damaging influences of stress
  7. Inhibits inflammation and specific immune responses
  8. Inhibits nonessential functions (growth and reproduction)
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9
Q

Cushing’s disease? What causes this?

Symptoms

A

hyper secretion of cortisol caused by anterior pituitary releasing too much ACTH

Symptoms: increased BP, decreased immunity, poor wound healing, increased glucose in the blood

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10
Q

Addison’s disease? Symptoms

A

hypo secretion of cortisol. decreased BP, increase of fatigue, decreased blood glucose, decreased cardiac output

-some people have low aldosterone levels too, which means K/Na imbalance

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11
Q

Aldosterone

A

reabsorb Na and secrete K

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12
Q

Actions of epinephrine, etc during stress

A
  1. increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis (provides a quick source of glucose)
  2. Increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride
  3. Decreased fatigue of skeletal muscles
  4. Diversion of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction in the former beds and vasodilation in the latter
  5. Increased cardiac function
  6. Increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways
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13
Q

The thyroid gland straddles what?

A

the esophagus just below the larynx in the neck

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14
Q

two types of cells of the thyroid that we need to know

-remember colloid glycoprotein (semi gelatinous area)

A

thyroid full of follicles - within each follicle we have follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

C - cells are in the interstitial space around follicles and they secrete calcitonin

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15
Q

Sequence of events of T3 and T4 production?

A

See notes so don’t type all of this up

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16
Q

Treatments for hyperthyroidism

A

surgically remove some of thyroid gland, treat symptoms (beta blockers to decrease HR), can have them drink radioactive iodine.

17
Q

What happens as a result of low iodine in the diet?

A

TRH and TSH levels rise, and this increased stimulation of the thyroid by TSH causes goiter to form

18
Q

Tropic hormones – land on another tissue first, and their target tissue responds by producing the cellular response but in addition those target tissues respond by growing in size (hypertrophy?)

A

…

19
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Antibodies developed to a particular tissue. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobins that land on TSH receptors on thyroid gland, and act like TSH, so they stimulate thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4, and since it’s also simulating TSH receptors so it causes a goiter. Have a goiter, but have symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

20
Q

ESSAY QUESTION – how can I possibly have a goiter and have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

A

^^

21
Q

How you can have low levels of T3 and T4 and not have a goiter?

A

If anterior pituitary isn’t working then TSH is not landing on thyroid gland

22
Q

If your thyroid gland is broken and for some reason it’s dumping lots of T3 and T4. If there are no antibodies that are attacking thyroid tissue and cause follicles to lyse and release T3 and T4, but negative feedback does work so TRH and TSH levels would be low. So TSH levels would be too low to cause goiter.

A

??

23
Q

Chamber behind the lens increases in fluid content due to?

A

hyperthyroidism, and high BP

24
Q

Where does long bone growth occur, and when does it occur?

A

It occurs pre-puberty at the epiphyseal growth plate. Lots of GH present pre-puberty.

25
Q

What happens during puberty with long bone growth?

A

Epiphyseal growth plates undergo “epiphyseal closure” as a result of the action of steroid hormones from the maturing gonads (estrogen and testosterone).

At this point GH will no longer have access to certain receptors, and will not be able to stimulate long bone growth

26
Q

acromegaly - too much GH after puberty

A

not going to grow taller, but a lot of soft tissue growth that can occur – hands, feet, jaws, etc get bigger

27
Q

Major hormones that influence growth

GITTEC

Gone is the time - end close

A

Positive influence: Thyroid hormone, estrogen, testosterone, GH, Insulin

Negative influence: cortisol

28
Q

How does insulin stimulate growth?

A

bc it stimulates glucose uptake, and protein synthesis. Stimulates secretion of IGF-1

29
Q

How does thyroid hormone stimulate growth?

A

permissive for growth hormone’s secretion and actions, permissive for development of the central nervous system

30
Q

Effects on growth?

Testosterone

Estrogen the same, but no protein synthesis stimulation

A

stimulates growth at puberty by stimulating GH

epiphyseal closure

stimulates protein synthesis

both estrogen and testosterone aid in maintaining bone calcium

31
Q

Cortisol effects on growth?

A

Inhibits growth

Stimulates protein catabolism

32
Q

Hormones that favor bone formation

A

Insulin, GH, estrogen, testosterone, IGF-1, calcitonin

33
Q

Hormones that favor bone degradation (bone resorption)

A

parathyroid hormone (chronic elevation)

cortisol

thyroid hormone (T4 and T3)

*cortisol and thyroid hormone want to increase HR, so steal Ca from bone

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone - how it function?

A

released in response to low blood calcium levels. need ca for HR. PTH will land on osteoclasts, and tell them to release Ca from matrix to send to blood

35
Q

Calcitonin function (from C-cells in thyroid)

A

target osteoblasts, and osteoblasts will take Ca from the blood and deposit it back into matrix in response to high blood calcium levels

36
Q

Parathormone’s action to restore normal Ca levels

A
  1. increased reabsorption of Ca by the kidneys
  2. increased calcium-liberating activities of osteoclasts
  3. increased formation of vit D which increases uptake of dietary calcium in the gastrointestinal tract
37
Q

posterior pit hormones

A

oxytocin, and vasopressin

vasopressin released in response to low blood volume to increase water reabsorption - aquaporins in collecting duct

BIO 421 FINAL (3 decks)

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