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BIO 421 FINAL > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meiosis?

A

the process of producing gametes (sperm and egg) with only one chromosome instead of a pair

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2
Q

process of spermatogenesis?

A

…

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3
Q

Two types of cell in the seminiferous tubules that we need to know? What is their function?

A

leydig cells that line the seminiferous tubules - secrete testosterone. and are under the influence of LH

sertoli cells that are near the lumen of the of the seminiferous tubules - help nurture sperm and are under the influence of FSH

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4
Q

FSH + testosterone

A

tell sertoli cells to nurture and produce sperm

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5
Q

spermatogonia develop and differentiate where?

A

seminiferous tubule

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6
Q

how do sperm travel from seminiferous tubules?

A

…

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7
Q

citric acid

A

increases pH in vaginal tract to enhance sperm ability

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8
Q

prostaglandins

A

triggers smooth muscle contraction that helps propel sperm

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9
Q

semen is composed of what?

A

spermatozoa and fluids from testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and the bulbourethral and prostate glands

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10
Q

Functions of sertoli cells? Acronym

A

BNAPILP

BNA PILP

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11
Q

egg moves into and through uterine (fallopian) tube how?

A

by fimbrial contraaction and cilia movement

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12
Q

uterus is really just a bunch of what?

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

sperm must first move through what before fertilization of ovum?

A

vagina > cervix > uterus > fallopian tubes

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14
Q

Fraternal twins

A

multiple secondary oocytes released per ovulation cycle

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15
Q

primary oocytes are protected by

A

follicles (follicular cells) - nurture oocytes

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16
Q

released oocyte = ?

A

ovulation

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17
Q

ruptured follicle reorganizes and becomes what?

A

corpus luteum

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18
Q

two types of follicle cells that we need to know and their function?

A

theca cells - found on outside of follicle. these cells produce the enzymes that make hole in ovarian membrane. also secrete androgens that with aid from granulosa cells are converted to estrogen.

granulosa cells- secrete estrogen, small amounts of progesterone just before ovulation, and peptide hormone inhibin

both work together to protect and nurture oocyte

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19
Q

Follicular phase is marked by _____, and luteal phase is marked by ______?

A

increasing levels of estrogen

increasing levels of progesterone

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20
Q

ovulation is provoked by a surge in _____ and marks the transition to the _____ phase of the cycle.

A

LH, luteal

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21
Q

leutolysis

A

degradation of corpus luteum

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22
Q

FSH talks to ______ cells, and says do this?

A

granulosa cells, and tells them to nurture oocytes

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23
Q

____ triggers ovulation (oocyte release)

A

LH

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24
Q

Ovulation kits measure _____

A

LH levels

25
Q

FSH does what right before ovulation?

A

triggers merging of follicular cell and ovarian membrane to provide a pathway for oocyte to leave

26
Q

During follicular phase estrogen is baseline, but once one follicle wins out and develops the estrogen coming from ovary increases

A

…

27
Q

explain two peaks in estrogen

A

first peak - is when estrogen increases as follicle matures and spike aids in ovulation - increase in estrogen causes ant pit to secrete more LH and FSH in response to GnRh. Estrogen can also stimulate the hypothalamic neurons that secrete GnRh. Positive feedback stimulation of the LH surge, which triggers ovulation. also helps to start building uterine lining.

second peak - is when estrogen is coming from corpus luteum to maintain uterine lining

28
Q

Progesterone one large peak when?

A

in luteal phase coming from corpus luteum. Saying help maintain thickness of uterus lining

29
Q

want low levels of estrogen during first and middle stages of follicular development - why? feedback

A

this means negative feedback to ant pit so less FSH and LH secreted

30
Q

inhibin in females

feedback

A

released from granulosa cells, and works to decrease secretion (negative feedback) FSH. This prevents new follicle from being nurtured before the first oocyte has the opportunity to become fertilized. prevents development of new oocytes

31
Q

progesterone in females does what? feedback

A

high progesterone levels in the presence of estrogen inhibit the hypothalamic neurons that secrete GnRH

this results in negative feedback inhibition of both LH and FSH secretion, and prevents LH surge during the luteal phase and pregnancy

32
Q

Functions of Granulosa cells

A
  1. nourish oocyte
  2. secrete chemical messengers that influence the oocyte and theca cells
  3. secrete antral fluid
  4. site of action for estrogen and FSH in the control of follicle development during early and middle follicular phases
  5. secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion via action on the pit gland
  6. site of action for LH induction of changes in the oocyte and follicle culminating in ovulation and formation in the corpus luteum
33
Q

Large amounts of estrogen during follicular phase help with what?

A

follicle development and oocyte nourishment, and impacts LH surge before ovulation

34
Q

surge of estrogen in follicular phase corresponds to what?

A

.5 degrees celsius increase in basal body increase

35
Q

after ovulation the corpus luteum starts to release what?

A

inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen. prevents release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

36
Q

when progesterone and estrogen are high, _____ is also high, and why?

A

inhibin is high to prevent FSH and LH secretion bc don’t want to nurture new oocyte

37
Q

what does the follicular phase begin with?

A

menstrual cycle (endometrium degenerates)

38
Q

after menstrual flow ceases what happens?

A

Proliferative phase - estrogen levels increase slightly, and the uterine walls start to build. This lasts until ovulation. A slight increase in estrogen will increase LH and FSH and will aid in maturation of oocyte and surge prior to ovulation

39
Q

after ovulation is what?

A

secretory phase (secretory endometrium develops) FSH and LH inhibited so no new follicles develop. if fertilization does not occur then corpus luteum degenerates, and…next stage

40
Q

after corpus luteum degenerates - progesterone and estrogen levels drop, and this causes lining to sloughs off

A

= menstrual/follicular phase beginning days 1-5

41
Q

Major events of menstrual cycle?

A

…

42
Q

a single mature follicle usually develops around day ____

A

7

43
Q

summary of events from ovulation and fertilization to implantation?

A

…

44
Q

hCG and its three functions?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

  1. saves corpus luteum - don’t degrade
  2. suppresses immunological rejection of blastocyst
  3. sodium imbalance - Na+ away from baby makes mom nauseous
45
Q

hCG levels continue to increase until?

A

around the 3rd month, hCG levels fall. this causes corpus luteum to degenerate. progesterone and testosterone levels remain high bc placenta is fully formed and starts to produce these hormones

46
Q

smoking does what?

A

decreases cilia motility, so blastocyst can get stuck in fallopian tubes. there are also certain medications and disorders that can cause this too.

47
Q

sperm nucleus gets in, and what happens to the rest of the sperm?

A

it degenerates

48
Q

first sperm that hits the oocyte causes what?

A

an action potential (polarity change) - and this repels the other away

49
Q

action potential is only a short term solution, so what is the long term solution?

A

once that break forms into egg membrane - acrosomal enzymes activate release of calcium that forms a tough impenetrable area around egg so that other sperm can not break through

50
Q

fertilized egg is called?

A

a zygote

51
Q

placenta function?

A

nutrient and gas exchange b/w mom and baby. placenta is firmly attached to uterus, and then attached to baby by umbilical vein and artery

52
Q

placenta vein and artery

A

vein = oxygen rich blood going to baby, and artery = oxygen poor blood going back to mom bc she will exhale CO2

53
Q

(peptide hormones secreted by placenta?) ON TEST - secreted by placenta

A

hCS - is also being secreted by blastocyst (developing embryo) - similar in structure and function to growth hormone - promotes sparing use of glucose by mom. hCS triggers slight target tissue resistance to glucose in mom, which can lead to gestational diabetes. Mom doesn’t get the glucose until baby’s cells get glucose.

relaxin - early part of pregnancy it inhibits uterus contractions (relaxes uterus), and in later part of pregnancy it starts to trigger pelvic muscles to relax

54
Q

during the first trimester what maintains the corpus luteum?

A

the chorion is the source of a gonadotropin hormone (hCG) that maintains steroid production by the corpus luteum in the ovary

55
Q

what surrounds the baby during development?

A

amnion (tough connective tissue that surrounds the baby, and is a fluid-filled sac)

56
Q

what surrounds the amnion?

A

the chorion surrounds the amnion (not fluid filled, and another dense protective layer)

57
Q

only break in amnion and chorion is what?

A

umbilical cord comes through and attaches to placenta

58
Q

why is fluid-filled sac important?

A

shock absorption, keeps baby’s skin from drying out, and skin cells slough off and can take fluid and culture cells to check for chromosomal disorders

BIO 421 FINAL (3 decks)

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