Chapter 11

Question 1

DNA helicase

Answer 1

An enzyme that assists in strand separation at each fork

Question 2

Structure of DNA

Answer 2

Made up of nucleotides, double-helix, DNA makes up chromosomes

Question 3

Telomerase

Answer 3

Prevents chromosome shortening

Question 4

Which way is DNA replicated?

Answer 4

5’ to 3’

Question 5

DNA is what kind of macromolecule?

Answer 5

Nucleic acid

Question 6

Structure of nucleotide

Answer 6

Contain a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 7

Are the two strands of a DNA double helix parallel or anti-parallel?

Answer 7

Anti-parallel

Question 8

Single-stranded binding proteins

Answer 8

Binds both of the single strands of parental DNA and prevents them from reforming a double helix

Question 9

DNA ligase

Answer 9

Completes the process of the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent DNA fragments

Question 10

DNA topoisomerase

Answer 10

Alleviates additional coiling ahead of the replication fork caused by DNA helicase

Question 11

Template strands

Answer 11

The two complementary strands of DNA that separate and are used for the synthesis of new strands of DNA

Question 12

X-ray refraction method

Answer 12

The method that Rosalind Franklin used to discover the helical structure of DNA

Question 13

How is a DNA molecule made?

Answer 13

It is formed by the covalent linkage of nucleotides in a linear manner

Question 14

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 14

A technique used to separate macromolecules on a gel

Question 15

Bidirectional replication

Answer 15

When DNA replication proceeds outward from the origin in opposite directions

Question 16

Avery

Answer 16

Furthered the experiments of Griffith with DNase, RNase, and Protease to prove that DNA is the genetic material

Question 17

Significance of 32P and 35S experiment

Answer 17

Helped to show that the phage DNA was located within the shell of the phage as opposed the shell itself containing the DNA. Helped to prove that DNA is the genetic material.

Question 18

Telomere

Answer 18

A series of repeat sequences at the end of a chromosome

Question 19

Phosphodiester linkage

Answer 19

The bonds that hold the backbone of DNA together

Question 20

Senescent cells…

Answer 20

Can no longer divide as they have reached their dividing limit

Question 21

Bacteriophages

Answer 21

A spider-like virus that infects bacterial cells and injects its DNA into the bacteria after latching on

Question 22

Semi conservative replication of DNA

Answer 22

The model of DNA replication that produces DNA molecules with one parental strand and one newly made strand, confirmed by Meselson and Stahl

Question 23

Leading strand

Answer 23

A daughter strand made in the same direction that the fork is moving; synthesized as one long continuous molecule

Question 24

Purines

Answer 24

Adenine and guanine, double ring structure

Question 25

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 25

Used X-ray diffraction in order to suggest that DNA had a helical structure

Question 26

Hershey and Chase

Answer 26

Further proved that DNA is the genetic material using bacteriophages

Question 27

Origin of replication

Answer 27

A site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication

Question 28

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 28

Hold DNA together

Question 29

Gene

Answer 29

A unit of heredity that contributes to the characteristics of an organism

Question 30

DNA primase

Answer 30

Required if the template strand is bare; makes a complimentary primer that is a short segment of RNA; starts the replication process, proof reads the daughter strand

Question 31

Lagging strand

Answer 31

Daughter cell made as a series of small fragments (Okazaki fragments) that are eventually connected to each other to form a continuous strand (in the direction away from the fork)

Question 32

Transformation

Answer 32

A term coined by Griffiths that refers to the transformation of one substance into another

Question 33

Chargaff's rule

Answer 33

Says that purines (A and G) always pair with pyrimidines (C and T) because they have different ring structures and by pairing with eachother, it keeps the width of the strand constant

Question 34

Griffith's experiment

Answer 34

His experiments with mice and types S and R bacteria indicated the existence of a biochemical genetic material

Question 35

Pyrimidines

Answer 35

Cytosine, thymine and uracil; single ring structure

Question 36

DNA polymerase

Answer 36

Responsible for covalently linking nucleotides together to form DNA strands

Question 37

Backbone

Answer 37

Made up of the phosphate and sugar molecules, negatively charged

Question 38

Base pairing

Answer 38

Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds

Question 39

DNA replication

Answer 39

The process in which original DNA strands are used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands

Question 40

Amino acids

Answer 40

The building blocks of proteins

Question 41

Watson and Crick

Answer 41

Discovered the double helix structure of DNA using ball and stick models, awarded Nobel Prize