Chapter 11 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Conditions of Worth
A
Things that must be do to earn affection (positive regard from others)
2
Q
What do conditions of worth conflict with
A
self actualization (more intrinsically driven) while conditions of worth is social pressure that can interfere
3
Q
Which of the 2 drivers of behavior is more salient? Which is more important?
A
Self actualization is more important but positive regard is more “salient”
4
Q
Applying conditions of worth to the self by performance in some area of life as a condition for self-acceptance
A
Contingent Self Worth
5
Q
Purpose of contingent self worth
A
Motivate to study more
6
Q
Drawback of contingent self worth
A
Failure can be upsetting
Can restrain self actualization as person becomes fixated on a single condition
7
Q
Self Concept
A
Qualities a person sees as part of themselves. Influenced by experiences and interpretations of experiences
8
Q
Rogers 3 components of self concept
A
self worth, actual self, ideal self
9
Q
self worth
A
positive feelings of oneself, confidence, open with people; psychological health, achievement of goals, and self actualization
10
Q
Actual self
A
Perception of the way you really are
11
Q
Ideal self
A
What you want to be
12
Q
Two basic needs of children
A
Self worth positive regard
13
Q
Self worth develops when?
A
Develops in early childhood from interactions with parents and later others
14
Q
Incongruence
A
Misfit between ideal self and actual self
15
Q
Result of incongruence
A
Low self worth low self esteem anxiety
16
Q
Self actualization affect on congruence
A
Gets actual closer to ideal self
17
Q
Defense Mechanisms
A
Ingenuine way to avoid anxiety and maintain self esteem by artificially enhancing congruity
18
Q
2 categories of defenses
A
Distortions of the expierience and preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness
19
Q
Distortion of the experience
A
Rationalization: creating a plausible but untrue explanation for why something is the way it is.
20
Q
Preventing threatening expereiences from reaching awareness
A
Denial or avoidance of situations that trigger perceptions of incongruence
21
Q
Conditions necessary for event to affect self esteem
A
1) you had control over event
2) event can be interpreted as good or bad (so it can have connotation for your self-esteem)
22
Q
Rogers: When failure how maintain self esteem
A
Create distance btwn self and failure (blame situation or call insignificant)
23
Q
Success Rogers how maintain self esteem
A
Attribute succes to your abilities and stable characteristics of self
24
Q
Self Determination (Deci & Ryan) Theory
A
To grow integrity and well being have 3 needs
25
3 needs of Deci and Ryan
Autonomy Competance (same as self-efficacy) Relatedness: Feel connected to others and having meaningful interactions and unconditional acceptance
26
Behavior reflection in Deci and Ryan
Self determined actions --> done b/c of intrinsic interest or value to self. Controlled Actions --> done to gain payment or satisfy external pressure
if you feel force or pressured will feel less satisfaction/motivation than if self-determined
27
Soma cube study by Deci
2 groups of students in room w/ soma cube + magazines and told to work on puzzle. One group paid if done in intial state and another group was not. Observed who more likely to work after initial stage and who worked longer.
28
Soma cube study conclusion
B/c external motivation disappeared didn't keep doing it.
29
Salary affect on self-determination
If pay someone to do something they like to do they can no longer want to do it after they are no longer paid to do it.
30
Extrinsic motivation
Doing activity for instrumental reasons (rewards duty obligations)
31
Intrinsic motivation
Doing activity for the self (b/c it's who you are/what you like to do)
32
Self Determination and Control 3 Regulation Types
```
Introjected Regulation (least self determined/controlled)
Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation (most self determined)
```
33
Introjected regulation
Not fully accepting activity as one's own. Perform to avoid guilt/anxiety
34
Identified regulation
action is accepted as personally important
35
Integrated regulation
fully assimilated to the self
36
Amotivation thought process
I don't b/c I'm wasting time
37
External regulation thought process
I do b/c I will get more approval or get me money
38
Introjected regulatoin thought process
Makes me feel proud would feel shame otherwise
39
Identified regulation thoughts
Do b/c has a lot of personal meaning to me
40
Integrated regulation thoughts
Do b/c who I am
41
Intrinsic motivation thoughts
Do b/c I enjoy it a lot
42
autonomus motivation consequences
Intellectuawl curiosity goal achieving better performance and creativity better well being
43
Controlled motivation consequences
conflicted emotions and inconsistent goal strivring negative emotions vulnerable to persuasion
44
Maslow's topic focus
Qualities that help people get most out of life
45
Maslow's contrast to Freud
Studied much less "crippleld" people
46
Maslow's Hierarch of Needs (from bottom of triangle to top)
Physiological Security Love & belonging esteem self actualization
47
Bottom of triangle meaning
More primative pressing and demanding. Deficiency based motives
48
Maslow on self actualizatoin
Everyone can self actualize it applies to those who are trying to become more congruent integrated and complete as a person. Some self actualized more and he focussed on studying these people
49
Characteristics of those who self actualize more according to Maslov
Accurate perception of reality
accept themselves and nature
natural spontaneous in thought and motion
problem centered (concerned with philosophical/univeral Q's)
intrinsically motivated
appreciate fresh ordinary events
appreciate process deep ties but only with a few people
philosophical non hostile sense of humor
maintain inner detachment from culture in which they live
50
Maslow on Peak experieences
Times when actualizatoin is occuring. More aware of surounding environment distorted sense of time subjective feelings of awe and ecstasy (taking you outside yourself) more common during work than leisure.
51
Class poll on time distortion
Time slows down in traumatic experience
52
Flow
Fully immersed in performance of an activity in a feeling of energized focus full involvement and enjoyment in the process of the activity
53
Class self assessment: mindfulness meaning
how automatic vs accepting and in tune with enviro
54
How common are self actualizers
only 1% off the population
55
Recent research (Tay & Diner) (similar)
Supported earlier theories condluding that needs tend to be universal in all countries and fulfillment of these needs correlate with hapiness.
56
Recent research: Tay & Diener (different)
- International interviews
- need fulfillment correlated with hapiness
- Departure from earlier theories:
- said can have good social relations and self actualization without basic/safety needs met
- said order in which needs met has little impact on life satisfaction/enjoyment
57
Maslow vs Roger's
_______ He skipped slide but we should know.
58
Self Concept development
Through sensory behavior (basis of a seensory self) and Cognition (basis for cognitive self(main interests))
59
Experiences that lead to sensory self
Double stimulation (active and passive sensory input by touching oneself) Body boundaries (know where body stops and world begins. Ex infants touch themselves) -Double stimulation: touch yourself
- Body boundaries: proprioception
- Self recognition: mirror test
60
Do animals have a sensory self and how would you know?
Put mirror in front of animal with dye placed on back of their neck and primates touched the back of their neck.
61
Experience sudgesting a cognitive self
Can self evaluate and can distinguish between private and public behavior. Recognize that others have a different perspective from our own (both physical and opinions)
62
What did Piaget study
Studied difference in physical perspectives.
63
When does sensory self and cognitive self develop
Sensory self: from sensory behavior developed in infancy
64
Sensory self vs cognitive self
Differences in where it occurs (cognitive only in humans not animals and is more advance), evolutionary position (sensory more primative), and bases.
65
Aspect of self:Body image
Deep feelings that influence self esteem, social interactions sexual behavior
66
How to study body image
distorting mirrors
pictures of body shape silhouettes
show nude photos
virtual reality
67
Accuracy of people's perception of body image
Not very accurate. People can't even recognize their own silhouette.
68
Attitudes towards attractive body types influenced by
Culture and media.
69
Importance of appearance
Attractive people viewed more positively
70
Motivation trend to look more attractive in recent years result
more cosmetic surgery between
71
Ideal weight gender dif and cause in behavior
Women considered more feminine if she was skinny --> eat less
Men considered more masculine if normal weight.
72
Body dependability
Self impression of body strength, health, resistance to stress, immunity (T.Roosevelt), athleticism.
73
Teddy Roosevelt affecting body dependibility
mind over matter: thinks he wasnt weak, eventually left sickness. Similar thoughts about fear.
74
Differential valuation, ex, and affect on insurance companies
Values some parts more than others. Varies from person to person (piano player values hands). Insurance compensation varies from part to part.
75
Pro Con of This Perspective
Pro: intuitive, optimistic about people's desire for self improvement, encourages self appreciation and awareness of feelings --> improving peoples' lives
Con: tough to study theories such as self-actualizationo.
Optimistic view might be inaccurate
Potential of too many people self-actualization causing conflict.
76
Themes of Humanistic psychology
- Everyone has potential for growth/development.
- Nobody is inherently bad or unworthy
- Goal: help individuals realize this about themselves so they can grow
77
Who was associated with the humanistic psychology and what did they study with relevance to personality? What did each emphasize?
Maslow and Rogers studied how human potential is realized and what can prevent growth/cause failure to realize potential. Rogers emphasis on how actualization happens. Maslow emphasis on how to realize potential by observing those who were best adapted. He also conceptualized hierarchy of needs
78
Actualization
Tendency (part of human nature) to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism
79
Actualization in all organisms or only humans?
Actualization possible in all organisms
80
Actualization physical examples
```
physical maturation (bigger, stronger)
immune system removes disease
```
81
self-actualization
actualization applied to personality more than physical
Growing in ways that promote maintenance or enhancement of the self -->1) gain autonomy & 2)enrich experience/creativity 3)promote congruence/integration within yourself "be at peace with yourself"
82
What is kind of an individual results from one who is self-actualizing?
A fully functioning person:
- open to experiencing/trusting feelings and the world.
- Live life to the fullest (even at risk of pain)
- Could be any kind of person
83
two main influences on human behavior
self actualization
| positive regard
84
Strong motive...
for positive regard is to want to be accepted and to have the love and affection of others (especially important people)
85
Organizaing self determination and control:
List the 2 controlled regulations
List the 2 self determined regulations. What kind of motivation are all 4 of these?
What is the other type?
controlled: 1)external (social pressure) and 2)introjected (self approval)
self-determined: 1)identified (conscious valuing and endorsement) and integrated (congruence with the self)
These 4 are all extrinsic motivators
The other type is Intrinsic motivation: inherent, interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction
86
Contrast sensory self vs cognitive self bases
```
Sensory:
1) Double stimulation
(touching oneself)
2) Body boundary
3) Recognition of self
as distinct (knowing
one’s mirror image)
```
```
vs
Cognitive:
1)Evaluative reactions
to self (self-esteem)
2) Shared vs.
unshared feelings
(private pain vs.
public anguish)
3) Knowing that others
have a different
perspective from
one’ own
```
