Chapter 11 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Alienation
The circumstance in which a person is indifferent to or estranged from nature of the means of production
Competitive Capitalism
The first of three phases of capitalism, beginning in the early eighteenth century; characterized by free-market competition and laissez-faire economic development
Disorganized Capitalism
The most recent form of capitalism, characterized by disorganization and industrial restructuring
Foreign Direct Investment (FID)
Direct investment by a government or transnational/multinational corporation in another country, often in the form of manufacturing or processing plan
Globalization
A complex combination of economic, political and cultural changes that have long been evident but that have accelerated markedly since about 1980, bringing about a seemingly ever-increasing interconnectedness of people and places
Innovations
Introduction of new inventions or ideas, especially ones that lead to change in the human behaviour of production processes
International Division of Labour
The current tendency for high-wage and high-skill employment opportunities, often in the service sector, to be located in the more developed world, whereas low-wage and low-skill employment opportunities, often in the manufacturing or processing plants.
Organized Capitalism
The second phase of capitalism, beginning after World War II; increased growth of major corporations and increased involvement by the state in the economy
Princile of Least Effort
Considered to be a guiding principle in human activities; for human geographers, refers to minimizing distances and related moments
Tariff
A tax or customs duty imposed on imports from another country
Time-Space Convergence
A decrease in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies
Transnational Cooperation (TNC)
A large business organization (firm) that operates in two or more countries; examples include Nike, Apple, Toyota, Coco-Cola, Samsung; sometimes referred to as a multinational corporation; in many cases, the head of the office is in a more developed country, and its manufacturing/processing facilities are in less developed countries
The diminishing role of the friction of distance in the study of geography
As our modern systems of transportation reduce the effect of the friction of distance in many aspects of human movement what role does a distance-based study such as geography, what is its relevance?
-The friction of distance will never fully disappear especially on the small scale, in people’s everyday lives distance has a large impact on lifestyle and thus will never not be an issue
Transportation Systems
systems that assist in overcoming the friction of distance.
Evolution of Transpostation systems
Three processes characterized the evolution of transportation systems: intensification, or the filling of space; diffusion, or the spread across space; and articulation, of the development of more efficient spacial structures
Water Transportation
Water is a particularly inexpensive method of moving people and goods over long distance. However it is slow, it may be circutous and not all locations are accessible by water.
Railway Transportation
Railway are the second-least expensive form of transportation, after water, and are suitable for moving bulk materials when waterways are not avaiable. However, in come areas local topography makes railway construction (and maintenace) expensive, if not imposible
Road Transportation
Road accommodates a range of vehicles and typically are less expensive to build than railways; hense, they are less often favoured in regional planing and related schemes.
Air Transportation
Transportation by air is the most expensive method but is rapid and is usually favoured for small-bulk, high-value products. Air tranport is particularly subject to rapid technological change and to political influence.
Containerization
Malcom P. Mclean developed the standard shipping container which fits all transport methods, road rail water and air, in the the 1950’s which helped to revolutionize the shipper industry and large quanitites of goods could be moved without havingt o be packed and unpacked at every change of transport method
Trade
Trade in relation to distance can take place if the difference between the cost of production in one area and the market price in another will at least cover the cost of movement
