Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
aden/o
A
gland
2
Q
adren/o
adrenal/o
A
adrenal gland
3
Q
andr/o
A
male
4
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete
5
Q
dips/o
A
thirst
6
Q
gluc/o
glucos/o
glyc/o
glycos/o
A
sugar
7
Q
hormon/o
A
hormone (an urging on)
8
Q
ket/o
keton/o
A
ketone bodies
9
Q
pancreat/o
A
pancreas
10
Q
thym/o
A
thymus gland
11
Q
thyr/o
thyroid/o
A
thyroid gland (shield)
12
Q
adrenal glands
suprarenal glands
A
located above each kidney
adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
13
Q
steroid hormones
A
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance
some effect on sexual characteristics
includes the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
14
Q
epinephrine
norepinephrine
A
affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
15
Q
ovaries
A
located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone
16
Q
estrogen
progesterone
A
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
17
Q
pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
A
located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon
18
Q
insulin
glucagon
A
regulate carbohydrate metabolism
19
Q
parathyroid glands
A
located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
20
Q
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism
21
Q
pineal gland
A
located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin
22
Q
melatonin
A
exact function unknown
affects onset of puberty
23
Q
serotonin
A
a NT that serves as the precursor to melatonin
24
Q
pituitary gland
hypophysis
A
located at the base of the brain
anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin
posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin
25
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
26
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
27
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
initiates growth of ovarian follicle
stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
28
luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes ovulation
stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus lute
causes secretion of testosterone in testes
29
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
affects skin pigmentation
30
growth hormone (GH)
influences growth
31
prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
32
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
33
oxytocin
influences uterine contraction
34
testes
located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone
35
testosterone
affects masculinization and reproduction
36
thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, functioning to secrete thymosin
37
thymosin
regulates immune response
38
thyroid gland
located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin
39
triiodothyronine (T3)
| thyroxine (T4)
known as the thyroid hormones
regulate metabolism
40
calcitonin
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
41
exopthalmos
| exopthalmus
protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
42
glucosuria
| glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
43
hirsutism
shaggy
an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places (e.g. a woman with a beard)
44
hypercalcemia
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
45
hypocalcemia
an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
46
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
47
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
48
hyperkalemia
an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
49
hypokalemia
deficient level of potassium in the blood
50
hypernatremia
excessive level of sodium ions in the blood
51
hyponatremia
low level of sodium ions in the blood
52
hypersecretion
abnormally increased secretion
53
hyposecretion
decreased secretion
54
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ketosis
ketoacidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
```
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
55
metabolism
all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
56
polydipsia
excessive thirst
57
polyuria
excessive urination
58
Cushing syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often caused by a tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, RA, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases
symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with striae (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis
59
adrenal virilism
excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women owing to tumor tumor or hyperplasia
evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice
60
diabetes mellitus (DM)
metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas
evidenced by hyperglycemia and glucosuria
61
insulin
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
62
type 1 diabetes mellitus
diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin - the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
63
type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) - the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
64
hyperinsulinism
condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions
often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
65
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
66
hyperparathyroidism
hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
67
hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
68
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
considered the master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles
69
acromegaly
disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped
most often caused by a pituitary tumor
70
diabetes insipidus
condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia
urine appears colorless due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
71
pituitary dwarfism
condition of congenital hyposecretion of GH slowing growth and causing a short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence) - often treated during childhood with GH
72
pituitary gigantism
condition of hypersecretion of GH during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones
most often caused by a pituitary tumor
73
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
74
hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
thyrotoxicosis
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
75
hypothyroidism
condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
76
myxedema
advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
77
cretinism
condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature
the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
78
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blood sugar (BS)
blood glucose
```
measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
79
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours
80
postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours
81
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter - usually for 4-6 hours
82
glycohemoglobin
molecule (fraction) in Hb that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar
it is a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
also known as glycosylated Hb (HbA1c)
83
electrolytes
measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride) in the blood
electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism
84
thyroid function study
measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
85
urine sugar and ketone studies
chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine
used as a screen for diabetes
86
computed tomography (CT)
CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland
87
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
non-ionizing images of MR are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid glands
88
sonography
sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
89
thyroid uptake and image
nuclear image involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
90
adrenalectomy
excision of adrenal gland
91
hypophysectomy
excision of pituitary gland
92
pancreatectomy
excision of pancreas
93
parathyroidectomy
excision of parathyroid gland
94
thymectomy
excision of thymus gland
95
thyroidectomy
excision of thyroid gland
96
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
| insulin pump therapy
use fo an insulin-delivery device worn on the body (usually the abdomen) that subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient
97
radioiodine therapy
use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells
98
antihypoglycemic
drug that raises blood glucose
99
antithyroid drug
agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones
used to treat hyperthyroidism
100
hormone replacement
drug that replaces a hormone deficiency
101
hypoglycemic
| antihyperglycemic
drug that lowers blood glucose
