Chapter 11-Airway Management

Question 1

aerobic metabolism

Answer 1

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

Question 2

agonal gasps

Answer 2

abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

Question 3

alveolar minute volume

Answer 3

the volume of air moved through the lungs in one minute the dead space, calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate

Question 4

alveolar ventilation

Answer 4

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. it is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume

Question 5

american standard safety system

Answer 5

a safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

Question 6

apena

Answer 6

absence of spontaneous breathing

Question 7

apneic oxygenation

Answer 7

technique in which oxygen administered through high flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure

Question 8

ataxic repirations

Answer 8

irregular, in effective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

Question 9

automatic transport ventilator (ATV)

Answer 9

a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. it frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.

Question 10

bag mask device

Answer 10

a device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen; it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen

Question 11

capnography

Answer 11

a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism. it effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time

Question 12

capnometry

Answer 12

the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.

Question 13

chemoreceptors

Answer 13

monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and PH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

Question 14

Cheyne-Strokes repirations

Answer 14

a cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea

Question 15

dead space

Answer 15

any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

Question 16

denitrogenation

Answer 16

the process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management

Question 17

dyspnea

Answer 17

shortness of breath

Question 18

end tidal co2

Answer 18

the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an an exhaled breath

Question 19

external respiration

Answer 19

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration

Question 20

glottis

Answer 20

the space in between the vocal cords that is narrowest portion of the adults airways; also called the glottic opening

Question 21

good air exchange

Answer 21

a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with mild airway obstruction. with good air exchange the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard

Question 22

gum elastic bougie

Answer 22

a flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea

Question 23

hemothorax

Answer 23

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

Question 24

hypercarbia

Answer 24

increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

Question 25

hypoxia

Answer 25

deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues

Question 26

hypoxic drive

Answer 26

a backup system to control respirations; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

Question 27

internal respiration

Answer 27

the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues

Question 28

intrapulmonary shunting

Answer 28

bypassing of oxygen poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

Question 29

minute volume

Answer 29

the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute respiration

Question 30

nonrebreathing mask

Answer 30

a combination mask and reservoir system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting. delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases

Question 31

oxygenation

Answer 31

process of delivering oxygen to the blood by the diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

Question 32

oxygen toxicity

Answer 32

condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage

Question 33

parietal pleura

Answer 33

thin membrane that lines the chest cavity

Question 34

partial pressure

Answer 34

term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

Question 35

passive ventilation

Answer 35

the act of air moving into and out of the lungs during chest compressions

Question 36

phrenic nerves

Answer 36

the two nerves that innervate the diaphragm necessary for adequate breathing to occur

Question 37

pneumothroax

Answer 37

an accumulation of air or gas to the pleural cavity

Question 38

poor air exchange

Answer 38

term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. often has weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing or possible cyanosis and may produce a high pitched noise during inspiration (stridor)

Question 39

preoxygenation

Answer 39

the process of providing oxygen, often in combination with ventilation, prior to intubation in order to raise the oxygen levels of body tissues.

Question 40

recovery position

Answer 40

a side lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injures who are breathing adequately

Question 41

residual volume

Answer 41

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 42

respiration

Answer 42

the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 43

stridor

Answer 43

harsh, high pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway. may be audible without a stethoscope.

Question 44

surfactant

Answer 44

liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded, a low level in a premature infants contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 45

tension pneumothroax

Answer 45

an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity that progressively increases pressure in the chest and that interferes with cardiac function, with potentially fatal results

Question 46

tidal volume

Answer 46

the amount of air (in mL) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

Question 47

ventilation

Answer 47

the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person such as an EMT

Question 48

visceral pleura

Answer 48

thin membrane that covers the lungs

Question 49

vital capacity

Answer 49

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible