Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards by Jenna Crow

Pruning and an increase in myelination
▫ Cognition
▫ Processing speed
▫ Attention
▫ Memory
▫ Planning
▫ Integrate information
▫ Self-regulation

Brain changes

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Piaget’s 4 Stages

0 - 2 Years - Sensorimotor
 Substages from birth until 24 months
2 - 7 Years - Preoperational
7 - 12 Years - Concrete operational
12 Years and up - Formal operational

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Children can think deeply about concrete events
and can reason abstractly and hypothetically.

Formal Operational Stage (12+)

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Ability to think abstractly and reason
hypothetically.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Ability to engage in scientific thinking

Piaget’s Formal Operations Stage

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Unsystematic experiments prior to Formal Operations

Pendulum Problem

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Puberty, Early-maturing girls and boys, Parent-child relationship

Physical changes

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Menarche

first menstuation

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Spermarche

first ejaculation

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Girls experience growth burst earlier
than boys
* Growth is uneven across different parts
of the body
* Body composition (the proportion of fat
and of muscle) changes with age
▫ Puberty causes physical changes related
to reproduction
▫ Body image concerns

Body Changes

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distorted body image leading to starvation
▫ Effort to establish control and autonomy over
aspects of their life

Anorexia Nervosa

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eating binges followed by self-
induced purging
▫ Adolescence or early adulthood
▫ Linked to low self-esteem, childhood obesity,
and various psychiatric problems
▫ More common than anorexia

Bulimia

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Abstract thinking emerges
 Concern with social competence and social acceptance
 Adolescents are egocentric (again!)
 Personal fables
 Imaginary audience

The Self in Adolescence

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voluntarily formed
5-7 kids
 Held together with something
 Gender, race, interests…
 Changes with age
 Less conformity, more than one
 Fewer in late HS

Cliques

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are groups of adolescents that are not made by choice, but by stereotype

Crowds

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Girls vs. Boys in cliques

Girls are more likely be in cliques
 Boys appear to have a greater diversity of friends
 By 7th grade, cliques may include boys and girls

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self-concept
is more integrated and less
determined by what others think

Late adolescence

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Proposed 8 age-related development stages that
span infancy to old age
Each stage is characterized by a crisis
An unresolved task will impede developmental
progress

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development

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1.Basic trust vs. Mistrust: 0 -1
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 1- 3
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: 4 - 6
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: 6 - puberty
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolescence - early adulthood

Erikson’s first 5 Stages

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resolve the identity vs. identity
confusion crisis

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Adolescence

Choice of personal, occupational, sexual, and
ideological commitments

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Identity

Incomplete and incoherent sense of
self

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Identity confusion

Premature commitment to an
identity

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Identify foreclosure

opposite of what is valued
by people around the adolescent

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Negative identity

A time-out period
during which the adolescent can explore
possibilities

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Psychosocial moratorium

measured identity-status categories

James Marcia (1980)

No firm commitments and no progress

Identity-diffusion

Identity is based on the choices of others without experimentation

Foreclosure

Various choices are explored, but no commitment

Moratorium

An autonomous choice is made based on explored options

Identity-achievements

Overly protective or authoritarian parents may contribute to foreclosed-identity status  An individual's own behavior may undermine the ability to develop a healthy identity  Ex: Drug use  Identity formation is influenced by social/historical contexts  Ex: Girls today have more or different options than girls had in the past

Influences on Identity Formation

Gender intensification during adolescence

Pubertal changes

A core component of adolescent identity

Dealing with new feelings of sexuality is difficult for many adolescents But probably harder for some adolescents than for others

Sexual Minority Youth

Most research studies indicate that biological factors are involved in sexual and gender identity Environment may be a factor in “coming out” Earlier ages than in previous cohorts Typically, sexual-minority youth do not disclose their same-sex preferences until...  To peers or siblings, 16 -19  To parents, a year or two later, if at all  Pressures of coping with their sexuality may lead to increased risk of suicide attempts

Ways in which “parents shape children’s learning about their own race and about relations between ethnic groups”

Parental Racial Socialization

Promote pride in one’s race, culture, or ethnicity

Race Pride

Raise awareness of racial discrimination & help youth develop effective coping skills when they encounter racism

Preparation for Bias

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Judgment

Children’s cognitive capabilities determine the development of moral reasoning Moral development builds on concepts gained in previous stages

The Heinz Dilemma

Should the husband steal the drug for his wife?

The consequences of an action determine whether the act is considered good or bad

Preconventional Level Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation

An individual conforms to rules so he or she can gain rewards and/or fulfill personal desires

Preconventional Level Stage 2: Instrumental and exchange orientation

“Good boy” or “good girl” morality Right or wrong are determined by the approval of others

Conventional Level Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Believes that it is right to conform to society’s rules and laws Belief that laws maintain order; basis for social conformity

Conventional level Stage 4: Social system and conscience (“law and order”)

Deeper understanding of the purpose that laws serve Concern that laws are arrived at by democratic process; ensuring maximum social welfare

Postconventional Level Stage 5: Social contract or individual rights orientation

Right and wrong are based on self-chosen principles Requires much abstract thought and reasoning Taking the perspective of all others

Postconventional Level Stage 6: Universal ethical principle

Critique of Kohlberg’s Theory

His work is not validated cross-culturally, especially in less intellectualized societies  Development of moral reasoning may not be discontinuous  Children may gradually acquire differing skills  Who were his participants?

found sex differences in moral development  Girls: focus more on interpersonal outcomes and caring  Boys: emphasize logic and balance between life and property rights These differences have not been widely shown

Carol Gilligan

Factors associated with depression

Genetics  Maladaptive belief symptoms  Feelings of powerlessness  Negative beliefs and self-perceptions  Lack of social skills  Family factors  Likely due to a combination of personal vulnerability and external stressful factors

Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards

(47 cards)