Chapter 11 and 14

Question 1

the condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period

Answer 1

famine

Question 2

agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization, now considered conventional

Answer 2

industrial agriculture

Question 3

the fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

Answer 3

energy subsidy

Question 4

a shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that result in increased food output

Answer 4

green revolution

Question 5

having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Answer 5

food security

Question 6

the observation that average costs of production fall as output increases

Answer 6

economies of scale

Question 7

a form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

Answer 7

waterlogging

Question 8

a form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation

Answer 8

salinization

Question 9

composed of organic matter from plants and animals

Answer 9

organic fertilizer

Question 10

produced commercially, usually with the use of fossil fuels

Answer 10

synthetic fertilizer

Question 11

a substance, either natural or synthetic, that kill or controls organisms that people consider pests

Answer 11

pesticide

Question 12

a pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

Answer 12

insecticide

Question 13

a pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops

Answer 13

herbicide

Question 14

a pesticide that kills many different types of pests

Answer 14

broad-spectrum pesticide

Question 15

a pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms

Answer 15

selective pesticide

Question 16

remains in the environment for a long time

Answer 16

persistent pesticide

Question 17

breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks/months

Answer 17

nonpersistent pesticide

Question 18

trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive

Answer 18

pesticide resistance

Question 19

a cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development

Answer 19

pesticide treadmill

Question 20

the decline of a fish population by 90% or more

Answer 20

fishery collapse

Question 21

the unintentional catch of a nontarget species while fishing

Answer 21

bycatch

Question 22

land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients, bad!

Answer 22

shifting agriculture

Question 23

through repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes the compaction of soil and a reduction in pore space

Answer 23

soil compaction

Question 24

the transformation of productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use

Answer 24

desertification

Question 25

the feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds over long distances

Answer 25

nomadic grazing

Question 26

two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction

Answer 26

intercropping

Question 27

changing crops from season to season

Answer 27

crop rotation

Question 28

trees and vegetables are intercropped

Answer 28

agroforestry

Question 29

plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

Answer 29

contour plowing

Question 30

a plant alive for multiple years

Answer 30

perennial

Question 31

a plant alive for only one year

Answer 31

annual

Question 32

farmers do not turn the soil between seasons as a means of reducing topsoil erosion

Answer 32

no-till agriculture

Question 33

uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs

Answer 33

integrated pest management

Question 34

production of crops in a way that sustains or improves the soil, without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

Answer 34

organic agriculture

Question 35

fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowed catch of fish in a season

Answer 35

individual transferable quota

Question 36

farming aquatic organisms

Answer 36

aquaculture

Question 37

contamination of water sources with substances produced through human activities

Answer 37

water pollution

Question 38

water produced by livestock operations and human activities

Answer 38

wastewater

Question 39

distinct location from which pollution is directly produced

Answer 39

point source

Question 40

a diffuse area that produces pollution

Answer 40

nonpoint source

Question 41

amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at specific temperatures

Answer 41

biochemical oxygen demand

Question 42

an area with extremely low oxygen concentration and very little life

Answer 42

dead zone

Question 43

a phenomenon in which a body of water becomes rich in nutrients

Answer 43

eutrophication

Question 44

an increase in fertility in a body of water, the result of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients

Answer 44

cultural eutrophication

Question 45

a species that signifies whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present

Answer 45

indicator species

Question 46

a group of generally harmless microorganisms in human intestines that can serve as an indicator species for potentially harmful microorganisms associated with contaminated sewage

Answer 46

fecal coliform bacteria

Question 47

2 common ways to handle human wastewater

Answer 47

septic systems and sewage treatment plants

Question 48

a relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas

Answer 48

septic systems

Question 49

a component of a septic system, made up of underground pipes laid out below the surface of the ground

Answer 49

leach field

Question 50

great volumes of wastewater are handled by separating the sludge from the water and then using bacteria to break down both components

Answer 50

sewage treatment plant

Question 51

human-made pond lined with rubber, built to handle large quantities of manure produced by livestock

Answer 51

manure lagoon