chapter 11: Biodiversity

Question 1

genetic diversity

Answer 1

measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species

Question 2

species diversity

Answer 2

measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community

Question 3

ecological diversity

Answer 3

measures richness and complexity of a community

Question 4

species richness

Answer 4

total number of species in a community

Question 5

species evenness

Answer 5

relative abundance of individuals within each species

Question 6

reproductive isolation

Answer 6

organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Question 7

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 7

emphasizes the branches on a taxonomic tree (cladistic relationships)

Question 8

evolutionary species concept

Answer 8

defines species in terms of evolution and historic times

Question 9

DNA sequencing and molecular techniques give insight to…

Answer 9

taxonomic and evolutionary relationships

Question 10

genome

Answer 10

total DNA sequence that characterizes a species

Question 11

how many species are there?

Answer 11

1.7 million identified, range 3-50 million total, 4-6 million just insects, 65% invertebrates

Question 12

biodiversity hotspots

Answer 12

tropical rainforests and coral reefs, 34 total, (1.4% world’s land area) contain 75% of world’s most threatened mammals, birds and amphibians

Question 13

food benefits of biodiversity

Answer 13

wild plants could provide new sources of food or more genetic diversity for existing crops

Question 14

benefits of biodiversity medically

Answer 14

more than half all modern medicines contain some natural product from a wild species

Question 15

biopiracy

Answer 15

resources often extracted without compensation or sharing profits or incentive to preserve native species

Question 16

ecological benefits of biodiversity

Answer 16

soil formation, waste disposal, are and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy absorption, and biogeochemical and hydriological cycles all depend on biodiversity

Question 17

aesthetic and cultural benefits biodiversity

Answer 17

hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, etc. americans spend $104 billion wildlife related activities every year, ecotourism important form of sustainable economic development, existence value

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

the elimination of species on earth, threat to biodiversity

Question 19

natural extinction

Answer 19

in undisturbed ecosystems, the background rate appears to be one species per decade, threat to biodiversity

Question 20

human impact on natural extinction rate

Answer 20

increased the rate by 100 to 1000 times, half of primates, one quarter of all bird species could go extinct within 50 years

Question 21

HIPPO

Answer 21

human caused reduction in biodiversity, habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, overharvesting

Question 22

biggest reasons for increase in extinction

Answer 22

habitat loss due to conversion to forest farmland, cities; habitat is fragmented into small, scattered plots; due to mining,. dams, destructive fishing practices

Question 23

invasive species

Answer 23

(intentionally or accidentally introduced) thrive in new territory where they are free of usual predators, diseases, or resource limitations, 50,000 non-native species are established in US and 4,500 are free-lining, 15% cause environmental damage

Question 24

Invasive Species

Answer 24

Barred Owl, Eurasian Milfoil, Kudzu, Emerald Ash Borer, Bighead Carp, Chestnut Blight

Question 25

Pollution

Answer 25

pesticides, lead

Question 26

population

Answer 26

human population growth and resource use

Question 27

overharvesting

Answer 27

passenger pigeon, all major fish expected to collapse within 50 years if current trends continue, bushmeat trade

Question 28

endangered species management proved successful for…

Answer 28

white tailed deer, wild turkey, snowy egret

Question 29

endangered species

Answer 29

considered in imminent danger of extinction

Question 30

threatened species

Answer 30

likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future

Question 31

vulnerable species

Answer 31

those that are naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk

Question 32

endangered species act

Answer 32

regulates a wide range of activities involving endangered species: taking, selling, possessing, transporting, shipping, importing/exporting into US

Question 33

USFWS

Answer 33

required to propose a recovery plan detailing the rebuilding of the species to sustainable levels, works with HCP with private landowners to make sure landowners do not harm endangered species

Question 34

keystone species

Answer 34

species has major effect on other members of community (bison)

Question 35

indicator species

Answer 35

tied to specific communities of successional stages (brook trout)

Question 36

umbrella species

Answer 36

require large blocks of undisturbed habitat (northern spotted owl)

Question 37

flagship species

Answer 37

attractive organisms to which people emotionally react (giant panda)

Question 38

recovery successes

Answer 38

bald eagle, peregrine falcons, and whooping crane

Question 39

private property

Answer 39

80% of habitats for more than half of all the listed endangered species

Question 40

gap analysis

Answer 40

seeks out unprotected landscapes rich in species

Question 41

Grumbine’s principles for habitat protection

Answer 41

protect enough habitat for viability of all native species, manage at regional scale large enough to accommodate natural disturbances, plan over a period of centuries for evolution of the ecosystem, all for human use at level that doesnt result in significant degradation

Question 42

convention on international trade in endangered species (cities)

Answer 42

regulates trade in living specimens and products derived from listed species, currently lists 700 species threatened with extinction by international trade

Question 43

captive breeding

Answer 43

breeding in zoos and botanical gardens are one method of saving threatened species, provide reintroduction programs, but many species do not reproduce in captivity

Question 44

successful captive breed

Answer 44

NeNe, the hawaiian goose, and the white rhino

Question 45

issues with captive breeding

Answer 45

limited space in zoos, natural habitat may disappear in the process of saving the species, continual inbreeding may lead to infertility and low infant survival