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Environmental Science > Chapter 8: Toxicology > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

disease

A

an abnormal change in the body’s condition that impairs physical or psychological function

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3
Q

what plays a role in morbidity and mortality?

A

diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, genetics, trauma, and psychological stress

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4
Q

morbidity

A

illness

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5
Q

mortality

A

death

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6
Q

toxins

A

chemicals, smoking, lead

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7
Q

infectious agents

A

bacteria, protozoa, viruses

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8
Q

trauma

A

accidents

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9
Q

radiation

A

ultraviolet (sun), ioniziong

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10
Q

pollution

A

air, noise, water

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11
Q

life expectancy increases as

A

infant mortality decreases

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12
Q

disability-adjusted life years (dalys)

A

combine premature deaths and loss of healthy life resulting from illness or disability

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13
Q

heart disease

A

may become the leading source of disability and disease worldwide by 2020

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14
Q

global cancer

A

rates will increase by 50% by 2020

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15
Q

diabetes

A

increasing, 1/3 of children born in north america today will develop diabetes in their lifetime due to poor diet and little exercise

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16
Q

psychological conditions

A

increase their share of global disease burden from 10% currently to 15%, depression will be the second largest cause of years lived with disability, tobacco related lung disease, biggest cause of death worldwide

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17
Q

communicable diseases

A

still responsible for about 1/3 of all disease-related deaths. majority in countries with poor nutrition, sanitation, and vaccination

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18
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing organisms, including: viruses, bacteria, protozoans, parasitic worms including flukes

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19
Q

greatest loss of life in a single year from a pathogen

A

flu epidemic, h1n1, malaria

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20
Q

emergent disease

A

one never known before or one which has been absent for at least 20 years, bird flu, ebola fever, hiv

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21
Q

ecological diseases

A

animal epidemics

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22
Q

white nose syndrome

A

ecological disease, in bats due to fungus

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23
Q

california sea lions

A

ecological disease, herpes 1 virus spread to them from human sewage

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24
Q

dermo

A

ecological disease, parasite of oysters, spreading rapidly along the east coast due to climate warming

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25
Q

conservation medicine

A

examines how environmental changes threaten the health of humans and natural communities

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26
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

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27
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

mutation and selection create drug resistant stains or conjugation transfers drug resistance from one strain to another

28
Q

toxicology

A

study of poisons and their effects on living systems

29
Q

toxic

A

known poisons that damage or kill cells/tissues, can be general or very specific, often harmful even in dilute concentrations

30
Q

hazards

A

dangerous but not toxic, flammable, explosive, irritant, acid, caustic

31
Q

ectotoxicology

A

interactions, transformation, fate, and effects of natural and synthetic chemicals in the biosphere

32
Q

allergens

A

toxin, substances that activate the immune system

33
Q

antigens

A

substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies, act indirectly by binding to other materials so they become antigenic

34
Q

immune system depressants

A

toxin, pollutants that depress the immune system

35
Q

endocrine disrupters

A

toxin, disrupt normal hormone functions

36
Q

environmental estrogens

A

endocrine disrupters, environmental contaminants which cause reproductive problems in animals even at low doses

37
Q

neurotoxin

A

toxin, metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells; most are extremely toxic and fast acting

38
Q

heavy metals

A

neurotoxin, kills nerve cells

39
Q

anesthetics and chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

neurotoxin, disrupts nerve cell membranes

40
Q

organophosphates and carbamates

A

inhibit signal transmission between nerve cells

41
Q

mutagens

A

toxin, agents that damage or alter genetic material, can lead to birth defects or tumors

42
Q

teratogens

A

toxin, specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development, alcohol-fetal alcohol syndrome

43
Q

carcinogen

A

toxin, substances that cause cancer, cancer is 2nd leading cause of death, 1/2 males, 1/3 females in the US will have cancer

44
Q

solubility

A

one of most important characteristics in determining the movement of a toxin, dissolve readily in water or oil

45
Q

water soluble compounds

A

move rapidly through the environment and have ready access to cells via tissue fluid

46
Q

fat soluble compounds

A

need a carrier to move through the environment, once inside the body they penetrate tissues easily and cross cell membranes. stored in body fat, persist for years

47
Q

airborne toxins

A

generally call more illness than other exposures, lining of lungs easily absorb toxins

48
Q

bioaccumulation

A

selective absorption and storage of toxins, dilute toxins in the environment can build to dangerous levels inside tissues

49
Q

biomagnification

A

toxic burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated concentrated by a predator at a higher trophic level: DDT

50
Q

flame retardants (PBDE)

A

found in humans and other species everywhere, harm children’s reproductive and nervous systems, persistent organic pollutants

51
Q

phthalates

A

found in plastics mimic estrogen and are linked to reproductive abnormalities and reduced fertility, persistent organic pollutant

52
Q

antagonistic reaction

A

one material interferes with the effects or stimulates the breakdown, of other chemicals

53
Q

additive reaction

A

effects of two chemical occurring together are added to one another

54
Q

synergistic reaction

A

one substance exacerbates the effect of the other

55
Q

metabolic degradation

A

in mammals, the liver is the primary site of detoxification of both natural and introduced poisons, sometimes harmless compounds are broken down into harmful products

56
Q

excretion

A

breathing and urinating eliminate the effects of waste products and environmental toxins

57
Q

tissues and organs often have mechanisms for damage repair …

A

cellular reproduction, any irritating agent can be potentially carcinogenic because the more times that the cells divide the greater the chance they will mutate while copying DNA which can lead to cancer

58
Q

animal testing

A

most commonly used and widely accepted toxicity test is to expose a population of laboratory animals to measured doses of specific toxins

59
Q

LD50

A

dose at which 50% of the animal testing population dies

60
Q

moderate toxin

A

takes about 1 g/kg of body weight to produce a lethal dose, very toxic materials require 10% of that amount, extremely toxic materials require 1%

61
Q

acute effects

A

caused by a single exposure and results in an immediate health problem

62
Q

chronic effects

A

long-lasting, perhaps permanent, can be result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses

63
Q

delaney clause of the US food and drug act

A

“no reasonable harm” less than one cancer for every million people exposed over a lifetime, for addition of carcinogens to food and drugs

64
Q

risk

A

possibility of suffering harm or loss

65
Q

risk assessment

A

scientific process of estimating the threat that hazards pose to human health, not rational, risk identification, dose response assessment, exposure appraisal, risk characterization

66
Q

risk acceptance

A

people tolerate high probability of an occurrence if the harm is low, great harm acceptable at very low frequency, 1/100,000 chance of dying is threshold for chancing behavior; environmental protection agency 1/1 million is acceptable for environmental hazards

67
Q

in setting standards for health policy consider…

A

combined effects of exposure, different sensitivities, effects of chronic and acute exposure

Environmental Science (7 decks)

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