Chapter. 11 [Brain Stem]

Question 0

What does receptive field have?

Answer 0

It has receptive endings.

Question 1

What kind of motor neurons the brain stem have for the muscles of the head? And what does the brain stem have to do with that?

Answer 1

Brain stem contains Lower motor neurons, and brain stem does initial processing of general afferent info concerning the head

Question 2

Based on what is the CN categories?

Answer 2

Based on where axons go, and what functions are.

Question 3

What CN are made up of?

Answer 3

Cranial nerves made up of axons

Question 4

How CN are organized?

Answer 4

They’re located where they need to be

Question 5

What are the 4 basic categories of CN?

Answer 5

Motor, Sensory, Somatic, Visceral

Question 6

What are the 6 categories?

Answer 6

1. Motor somatic
2. Motor Visceral
3. Branchial
4. Somatic Sensory
5. Visceral Sensory
6. Special Sensory

Question 7

Where do somatic sensory axons come from?

Answer 7

from pain, touch, temperature receptors, in skin receptors, muscles, and joints.

Question 8

Where do visceral sensory axons come from?

Answer 8

from visceral receptors: [blood vessels, digestive tract]

Question 9

Where do somatic motor axons come from?

Answer 9

from skeletal motor neurons,

Question 10

What do visceral motor axons bring?

Answer 10

bring autonomic axons up to the brain

Question 11

Where cranial nerves is located during development?

Answer 11

in spinal gray matter

Question 12

When the walls of the neural tube fold out, where do motor, sensory, somatic, visceral stay?

Answer 12

• Motor toward the front Vs. Sensory toward the back.

- Somatic toward the outside Vs. Visceral toward the inside

Question 13

Where are spacial sensory axons located?

Answer 13

in brain stem down to the spinal cord.

Question 14

What are the special senses?

Answer 14

hearing & balance, olfaction, and vision

Question 15

What are some examples of muscles that are named based on their location around branchial axons?

Answer 15

muscles of larynx and jaw in the face

Question 16

Is it true that each CN has axons from diff types?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Is true that each CN for all axons from diff types

Answer 17

No, there is no one CN has axons from all.

Question 18

What are the somatic motor cranial nerves? and what they do?

Answer 18

1. Oculomotor nerve [III] : eye movement, esp. eyelid, pupil.
2. Trochlear nerve [IV] : eye movement
3. Abducens nerve [IV] : eye movement
4. Hypoglossal [XII] : below the tongue, speech and swallow

Question 19

as cranial nerves are axons, what must they must have?

Answer 19

They must have a nucleus of gray matter cell bodies that these axons go to.

Question 20

What types of nuclei in somatic motor are there?

Answer 20

1. oculomotor nucleus.
2. two trochlear nuclei.
3. abducens nucleus.
4. hypoglossal nucleus.

Question 21

What muscles does oculomotor nerve innervate? and to which directions its axons project?

Answer 21

• innervates 4 of 6 eye muscles.

- its axons project to the same side eyeball (ipsilateral) except for the superior rectus muscle (contralateral)

Question 22

From where the muscles that raise eyelid come?

Answer 22

from the medial

Question 23

How can neurologists pinpoint a stroke or a damage to the CN?

Answer 23

based on eye weaknesses or eye movement.

Question 24

What kinds of effects can show with oculomotor nerve damage?

Answer 24

1. Lateral strabismus: can get double vision (diplopia) 2. Drooping/falling eyelid: doesn’t get the innervation that needs (ptosis) 3. Dilation of pupils (mydriasis)

Question 25

What muscles does trochlear nerve innervate? and to which directions its axons project?

Answer 25

- the superior oblique eye muscle | - its axons project contralaterally.

Question 26

What does trochlear nerve do?

Answer 26

1. helps eye muscle movement that's controlled by the superior oblique eye muscle. 2. 1. Move eye down and laterally (looking down)

Question 27

What does things that trochlear nerve is the only one who has them?

Answer 27

1. located on the posterior side of brain stem. | 2. entirely contralateral.

Question 28

What kinds of effects can show with trochlear nerve damage?

Answer 28

damage may be undetectable b/c it controls only one little eye muscle: 1. unable to look down laterally. 2. double vision.

Question 29

What muscles does abducens nerve innervate? and to which directions its axons project?

Answer 29

- the lateral rectus muscle | - its axons project ipsilaterally.

Question 30

what does abducens nerve do?

Answer 30

abducts eye; moves eye out laterally; makes lateral eye movements paired.

Question 31

What kinds of effects can show with abducens nerve damage?

Answer 31

unable to move eye to the side (one eye pulls medially while the other stay centered)

Question 32

What hypoglossal nerve does innervate? and to which directions its axons project?

Answer 32

- innervates most of muscles in the tongue | - its axons project ipsilaterally.

Question 33

what kinds of effects can show with hypoglossal nerve damage?

Answer 33

- weakness to that same side of the tongue | - difficulty speaking or swallowing

Question 34

What are branchial motor cranial nerves? and what they do?

Answer 34

1. Trigminal Nerve [V] : major sensory nerve for the head 2. Facial Nerve [VII] : facial expressions 3. Glossopharyngeal Nerve [IX] : taste, throat, and mouth sensory sensations. 4. Vagus Nerve [X] : parasympathetic outflow down the viscera; thoracic and abdominal. 5. Spinal Accessory Nerve [XI] : innervate neck and shoulder muscles

Question 35

Which cranial nerves has 3 branches?

Answer 35

Trigeminal nerve

Question 36

How many branches does trigeminal nerve have? and what are they? what do they serve?

Answer 36

3 major branches : 1. ophthalmic: eye 2. maxillary: nose, sinuses, upper jaw 3. mandibular: lower jaw

Question 37

What does trigeminal nerve do?

Answer 37

transmits tactile, temperature, pain, and proprioceptive information

Question 38

Which cranial nerve works like spinal cord? and how so?

Answer 38

Trigeminal nerve, it sends information from head to brain while spinal cord sends information from big toe to brain

Question 39

which cranial nerve that can be seen better by MRI?

Answer 39

Trigeminal nerve

Question 40

How many nuclei the trigeminal nerve interacts with? and what are these nuclei do? and to which direction they project?

Answer 40

3 nuclei: 1. Main sensory nucleus: touch jaw, controls muscle of jaw 2. Spinal nucleus: pain, temperature; misfiring pain neurons can cause "trigeminal neuralgia" 3. Mesencephalic nucleus: touch, reflexes for head They project ipsilaterally to the thalamus, and then up to the sensory strip. They project ipsilaterally to the thalamus, and then up to the sensory strip

Question 41

In which category these Branchiomeric nerves are involved too, facial nerve [VII], glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] & vagus nerve [X]? and to which extent?

Answer 41

- They're involved in somatic sensory, at a very minor role. - They're also involved in visceral motor when they inter the solitary tracts/the solitary nucleus at a very important role of vagus.

Question 42

which cranial nerves are branchial motor plays an important role with?

Answer 42

Facial and vagus.

Question 43

Which category plays an important role in facial and vagus?

Answer 43

Branchial motor

Question 44

what does visceral sensory input have to with?

Answer 44

it has a major role for vagus (facial and glossopharyngeal as well)