Chapter 11- Cell Comunication

Question 1

How do cells identify their sexual mates?

Answer 1

through chemical signaling

Question 2

What are the two sexes called

Answer 2

a and squiggly a

Question 3

what is a synonym for two sexes

Answer 3

mating types

Question 4

what makes the two mating types different

Answer 4

they each secrete a specific factor that only binds only to receptors found on the other type of cell

Question 5

what happens when the cells are exposed to each other’s mating types

Answer 5

the cells change shape, grow towards each other, and fuse (mate_

Question 6

What traits does the new cell have after mating

Answer 6

the new cell contains all the genes of both original cells

Question 7

Why is it beneficial for the new cell to have genes from both original cells

Answer 7

a combination of genetic resources provides advantages to the cell’s descendants, which arise by cell divison

Question 8

Why is there unique matching between mating factor and receptors

Answer 8

KEY INFO
to ensure mating only among the same species .

Question 9

How does the binding of a mating factor by the yeast cell surface receptor initiate a signal that brings about a cellular response in mating?

Answer 9

signal transduction pathway

Question 10

Is cell signaling important among prokaryotes?

Answer 10

OUI (yes sirrr)

Question 11

quorum sensing

Answer 11

sending the concentration of signaling molecules allows bacteria to monitor their own local density

Question 12

example of quorum sensing…

Answer 12

biofilm

Question 13

what is biofilm

Answer 13

aggregation of bacterial cells that adhere to a surface

Question 14

FIrst type of cell to cell communication

Answer 14

DIRECT CONTACT

Question 15

what type of cells have direct communication??

Answer 15

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
plant and animal

Question 16

what does direct communication use?

Answer 16

Cell junctions
gap junctions in animals
plasmodesmata in plants

Question 17

In regard to direct communication, what can animal cells do that plant cells cannot…

Answer 17

cell-cell recognition( also type of local signaling)

Question 18

when is cell-cell recognition important

Answer 18

embryonic development and in the immune system response

Question 19

in most Local Signaling cases…

Answer 19

signaling molecules are secreted by the signaling cells

Question 20

local signaling in animals is called

Answer 20

paracrine signaling

Question 21

a more specialized type of local signaling is called

Answer 21

SYNAPTIC SIGNALING

Question 22

where does synaptic signaling occur

Answer 22

animal nerous system

Question 23

describe synaptic signaling

Answer 23

an electrical signal along the nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules. These molecules act as chemical signals that diffuse across the synapse triggering a response in the target cell

Question 24

Long Distance signaling usually utilizes

Answer 24

hormones

Question 25

what is hormone signaling in animals known as

Answer 25

endocrine signaling

Question 26

three steps of cell communication

Answer 26

reception transduction response

Question 27

reception is when

Answer 27

the target cell detects a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. once it is detected the signal molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cells surface or inside the cell

Question 28

Transduction is

Answer 28

the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a particular cellular response

Question 29

is transduction a single path

Answer 29

IT IS BOTH, can be a single path or can be signal transduction pathway usually requires more than one step

Question 30

what are the molecules in the pathway of signal transduction pathway called

Answer 30

relay molecules

Question 31

reponse...

Answer 31

is when the transducted signal finally triggers a response the response can literally be anything imaginable cellular activity

Question 32

reception of a signal

Answer 32

depends on the receivor por ejemplo: yeast a cells mating signals are only heard by prospective squiggly a yeast cells

Question 33

signaling molecule acts as a

Answer 33

ligand

Question 34

what is a ligand

Answer 34

a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

Question 35

Ligand binding usually causes

Answer 35

receptor protein to undergo shape change

Question 36

what are the three types of transmember receptor proteins

Answer 36

G protein-coupled RECEPTORS Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Ion Channel Receptors

Question 37

when GDP is connected with G protein what state is it in

Answer 37

inactive

Question 38

when signal molecule binds to extracellular side of receptor...

Answer 38

the receptor is activated and changes shape , The cytoplasmic side then binds to the inactive protein and activates it by converting GDP to GTP

Question 39

Once the G-protein is activated what happens

Answer 39

it detached from receptor and attached to enzyme which activates the enzyme and changes its shaped, which hydrolizes GTP into GDP

Question 40

What is a difference between RTKs and GPCRs

Answer 40

RTKs can activate many pathways while GPCRs can usually activate only one transduction pathway

Question 41

in RTKs what are the proteins called when they are inactive

Answer 41

monomes

Question 42

what does each monomer have

Answer 42

ligand binding site, alpha helix spaning the membrane and an intracellular tail containing multiple tyrosines

Question 43

The binidng of the signal molecules inRTKs causes the two receptor monomers to combine to form

Answer 43

a dimer

Question 44

the process where it becomes a dimer is caused

Answer 44

dimerization

Question 45

Dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region which then causes

Answer 45

every tyrosine to attach to an atp and take a phosphate which then cause an relay protein to come and take phosphate and become activated

Question 46

Where are ligate gated ion channels especially important

Answer 46

nerve cells / functioning of nervous system

Question 47

cell surface receptors tend to be

Answer 47

flexible and inherently unstable, and thus difficult to catalyse

Question 48

protein kinase

Answer 48

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

Question 49

what are protein phosphatases

Answer 49

enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, dephosphorylation

Question 50

second messengers

Answer 50

small nonpolar, water soluble molecules or ions that are components of signal transduction

Question 51

two most commonly used second messengers

Answer 51

calcium and cyclic AMP

Question 52

Camp is made by

Answer 52

Atp by adenylyl cyclase(embedded in plasma membrane)

Question 53

HOW MANY phosphates does atp and camp have

Answer 53

3 1

Question 54

concentration of signal will impact

Answer 54

determine impact of signal

Question 55

one signal can have ....

Answer 55

many different responses police to crime vs students to crime

Question 56

cholera does what to CAMP

Answer 56

increases CAMP in cell which causes ions to leave cells which then causes water to leave cell causing fatal diarrhea

Question 57

what are the TWO possibilities for a cellular response

Answer 57

turn on or off gene or protein

Question 58

calcium is regulated where

Answer 58

kidney proximal and distal tubules

Question 59

calmodulin...

Answer 59

WILL HAVE FOUR CALCIUM IONS BIND TO IT WHICH CHANGES ITS SHAPE

Question 60

CALMODILIN DOES WHAT...

Answer 60

activate other enzymes gives hug

Question 61

how doex calmodulin change other protein's shape

Answer 61

it hugs them wraps around