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Unit 1 - Biological Molecules > Chapter 1.1 Chemistry For Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1.1 Chemistry For Life Flashcards

1
Q

Define anion

A

Negative ion formed when an atom gains electrons

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2
Q

Define cation

A

Positive ion, formed when an atom loses electrons

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3
Q

What is ionic bonds ?

A

Attractive forces between oppositely charged ions

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4
Q

How is a covalent bond formed ?

A

When atoms share electrons to have full outer shell

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5
Q

What is a dipole ?

A

Separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared

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6
Q

What is a polar molecule ?

A

A molecule containing a dipole

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7
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules that contains at least 1 hydrogen atom

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8
Q

What is atom made up of?

A

Nucleus which contains protons and neutrons as well as electrons

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9
Q

Why does an atom with full outer shell not take part in chemical reactions?

A

Because it is stable so there’s no need to get electrons or to give electrons

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10
Q

What happens in order for atoms to have ionic bonding?

A

Atoms must gain or lose electrons

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11
Q

Is ionic bonds easy to break?

A

No. Ionic bonding has a strong intermolecular forces between the atoms

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12
Q

What happens in covalent bonding ?

A

Atoms share electrons to have a full outer shell

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13
Q

True or false. Covalent bond is weak

A

False. Covalent bonds are very strong.

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14
Q

What does it mean when molecules in covalent bonds are polarised?

A

The electrons in the covalent bonds are not evenly shared so the molecule has a part that is slightly negative and slightly positive part.

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15
Q

In order for molecules to have polarity what atom is needed?

A

Hydrogen atoms

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16
Q

What happens when ionic substances dissolve in water ?

A

The ions separate

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17
Q

Does most ionic substances exist as a positive or negative ions in the cell?

A

Yes. This is because cells are 60-70% water. So ionic substances can dissolve

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18
Q

Give formula for nitrate ions

A

-

NO3

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19
Q

Give formulae for phosphate ions

A

-3

PO4

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20
Q

Give formula for chloride ions

A

-

Cl

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21
Q

Give formula for hydrogen carbonate

A

-

HCO3

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22
Q

What is nitrate ions needed for?

A

Needed for plants for the formation of amino acids

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23
Q

What is phosphate ions needed for ?

A

Needed for all living organisms in the formation of ATP and ADP as well as DNA and RNA

24
Q

What is chloride ions needed for ?

A

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

25
Q

What is hydrogen carbonate ions needed for?

A

Needed for buffering the blood to prevent it from becoming too acidic

26
Q

Give formula for sodium ion

A

+

Na

27
Q

Give formula for calcium ions

A

2+

Ca

28
Q

Give formula for hydrogen ions

A

+

H

29
Q

Give formula for magnesium ions

A

2+

Mg

30
Q

What is sodium ions needed for ?

A

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

31
Q

What is calcium ions needed for ?

A

Needed for the formation of calcium peerage for the middle lamella between two cell walls in plants and for bone formation and muscle contraction in animals

32
Q

What is hydrogen ions needed for?

A

Needed in cellular respiration and photosynthesis and in numerous pumps and systems in organisms as well as pH balance

33
Q

What is magnesium ions needed for?

A

Needed for production of chlorophyll in plants

34
Q

What allows substance to be able to move around the body

A

Water

35
Q

What is the chemical formula for water?

A

H2O

36
Q

Is water a polar molecule?

A

Yes. Electrons held closer to the oxygen atom than hydrogen atom so oxygen atom have a slightly negative charge

37
Q

What bond does water molecules form?

A

Hydrogen bonds

38
Q

What happens in hydrogen bond ?

A

The slightly negative oxygen atom will attract the slightly positive hydrogen atom

39
Q

Why does water have high melting and boiling point compared with other substances that have molecules of similar size?

A

As there are many hydrogen bonds it takes lots of energy to break the bond

40
Q

What 2 things does hydrogen bond play important role in ?

A
  1. Protein structure

2. Structure and functioning of DNA

41
Q

Is water a water solvent ?

A

Yes. Water is a polar molecule so any ionic substances will dissolve.

42
Q

True or false. Many covalent substances are polar

A

True and sometimes dissolve in water

43
Q

Can covalent substances dissolve in other covalently bonded solvents (ethanol)

A

No

44
Q

What makes water a excellent transport medium?

A

The fact that many different substances can dissolve in it

45
Q

At what temperature does water reaches its maximum density?

A

4°C

46
Q

What happens to water as it becomes cooler than 4 Celsius

A

The molecule become more widely spaced

47
Q

True or false. Ice is more dense than water

A

False. Ice is less dense than water

48
Q

Is water a insulating player?

A

Yes it prevents underneath water from freezing

49
Q

Why can animals live underwater?

A

Water is a insulating layer so it stops underneath water to freeze

50
Q

Does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

Yes. Water is slow to absorb and release heat. And it helps to maintain the temperature throughout the year

51
Q

Does hydrogen bond require a lot of energy to be broken

A

Yes

52
Q

Can water be compressed

A

No.

53
Q

What does it mean when water molecules are cohesive ?

A

The water molecules can stick together

54
Q

Why is the fact that water molecules are cohesive important?

A

It’s important for the movement of water from roots to the leaves of the plant

55
Q

What does it mean when water molecules are adhesive?

A

They are attracted to different molecules

56
Q

Why is it important for water molecule to be adhesive?

A

Important in plant transport and in surface tension

57
Q

Why does water have a high surface tension?

A

Because of the hydrogen bonds. The attraction between the water molecules are greater than air

Unit 1 - Biological Molecules (4 decks)

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