Chapter 11- Chromosomes

Question 1

The level of DNA structure that is the nucleotide sequence

Answer 1

Primary Structure

Question 2

The level of DNA structure that is the double-stranded helix

Answer 2

Secondary structure

Question 3

The level of DNA structure that is the high folding of DNA that takes place in cells

Answer 3

Tertiary structure

Question 4

Additional winding/twisting of the double-helix DNA

Answer 4

Supercoiling

Question 5

Clockwise supercoiling, overrotated

Answer 5

Positive supercoiling

Question 6

Counterclockwise supercoiling, underrotated

Answer 6

Negative supercoiling

Question 7

Proteins that add or remove rotations in DNA by breaking and then rejoining DNA strands

Answer 7

Topoisomerase

Question 8

The type of topoisomerase that adds makes single strand breaks

Answer 8

Type I

Question 9

The type of topoisomerase that makes double stranded breaks

Answer 9

Type II

Question 10

The prokaryote version of a nucleus, where the DNA is

Answer 10

Nucleoid

Question 11

The DNA and associated proteins of a chromosome in eukaryotes

Answer 11

Chromatin

Question 12

Proteins in chromatin (eukaryotes) that play a structural role, roles in chromosome replication, chromosome segregation, and transcription

Answer 12

Non-histone Proteins

Question 13

Small, positively charged, highly conserves proteins found in all eukaryotes, make up half the proteins in chromatin

Answer 13

Histones

Question 14

The octamer of the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

Answer 14

Nucleosome

Question 15

One nucleosome is present ever how many base pairs

Answer 15

Around 200 bp (145-147 wrapped around the nucleosome, 20 bound to histone H1, and 30-40 bp of linker DNA)

Question 16

The diameter of chromatin at the nucleosome level

Answer 16

11 nm

Question 17

The diameter of chromatin when is is coiling in helical arrays, second level

Answer 17

30 nm

Question 18

The diameter of chromatin in the third level, when it forms large loops

Answer 18

300 nm

Question 19

The width of the fiber in the 4th level of chromatin organization, when there are fiber to fiber interactions

Answer 19

250 nm

Question 20

The diameter of the chromatin during the fiber to fiber interactions (4th level)

Answer 20

700 nm

Question 21

The diameter of the chromatin when it is condensed into a pair of sister chromatids

Answer 21

1400 nm

Question 22

The chromatin structure that is usually transcriptionally active, relaxed

Answer 22

Euchromatin

Question 23

The chromatin structure that is usually transcriptionally inactive, and tightly condensed

Answer 23

Constitutive Heterochromatin

Question 24

The chromatin structure that is condensed or relaxed under specific conditions

Answer 24

Facultative heterochromatin

Question 25

The portion of the nucleus that is occupied by the chromatin from each chromosome

Answer 25

Chromosome territory

Question 26

Large regions of spatially interacting chromatin, and important aspect of transcriptional regulation

Answer 26

Topologically associating domain

Question 27

Special DNA that is the attachment site for sister chromatids and spindle fibers during mitosis

Answer 27

Centromere

Question 28

The ends of eukaryotic chromosome that contain tandem repeats and protect ehe ends of the chromosome

Answer 28

Telomere

Question 29

A structure that occurs at the telomere in which the G-rich strand folds over and intermolecular H-bonds with the complementary strand

Answer 29

T-loop

Question 30

A complex of six proteins that associates with telomeric DNA to mediate t-loop formation, protect the end sequences, and recruit and regulate telomerase

Answer 30

Shelterin

Question 31

The amount of pg of DNA per haploid (1n) nucleus

Answer 31

C-value

Question 32

An analysis used to determine the relative proportions of repetitive DNA and single-copy DNA in a genome

Answer 32

Cot Analysis

Question 33

The type of DNA sequence in eukaryotes that had only one or few copies, variable length

Answer 33

Unique Sequence DNA

Question 34

The type of DNA in eukaryotes that has 100s of repeats, 150-300 bp long, and can be tandem repeats or interspersed repeats

Answer 34

Moderately repetitive DNA

Question 35

The type of DNA sequence in eukaryotes that is less that 10 bp long, in tandem repeats and clusters, 100,000s to millions of repeats, and found in centromeres and telomeres

Answer 35

Highly Repetitive DNA (satellite DNA)

Question 36

The type of moderately repetitive DNA that appears in clusters

Answer 36

Tandem Repeat Sequences

Question 37

The type of moderately repetitive DNA that is scattered throughout the genome

Answer 37

Interspersed repeat sequences

Question 38

The type of interspersed repeat sequences that ate 100-300 bp in length

Answer 38

Short interspersed elements (SINEs)

Question 39

The most common human SINEs

Answer 39

Alu sequences

Question 40

The type of interspersed repeat sequences that are 6.5 to 8.5 kb in length, and makeup around 17% of the human genome

Answer 40

Long Interspersed elements (LINEs)

Question 41

The most common human LINEs

Answer 41

L1 Sequences

Question 42

Membrane bound structures inside eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions

Answer 42

Organelles

Question 43

An organelle present in all eukaryotes that is the site of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 43

Mitochondria (mt)

Question 44

An organelle present in green plants and algae that are the sites of photosynthesis

Answer 44

Chloroplasts (cp)

Question 45

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria that were endocytosed and then developed into an endosymbiont

Answer 45

Endosymbiotic theory