Chapter 15- Translation

Question 1

Neurospora crassa can grow on minimal media because it is self-feeding and can synthesize all biological molecules

Answer 1

Prototrophic

Question 2

This mutant Neurospora cannot grow in minimal media due to defects in specific biosynthetic pathways

Answer 2

Auxotrophic

Question 3

The part of the amino acid that is unique to each amino acid

Answer 3

Radical (R) Group

Question 4

The two parts of an amino acid that are the same for all amino acids

Answer 4

Amino group and Carboxyl group

Question 5

The bond type that is formed between the amino acids during translation

Answer 5

Peptide bond

Question 6

The terminus that corresponds to the 5’ end of the mRNA, that has the amino group

Answer 6

N-terminus

Question 7

The terminus that corresponds to the 3’ end of the mRNA, has the carboxyl group

Answer 7

C-terminus

Question 8

The level of protein structure that is determined by the codons in the mRNA

Answer 8

Primary Structure

Question 9

The level of protein structure that is determined by the interactions between different amino acids

Answer 9

Secondary Structure

Question 10

The level of protein structure that is determined by interactions between different domains of secondary structure

Answer 10

Tertiary Structure

Question 11

The level of protein structure that is determined by the association of two or more polypeptides

Answer 11

Quaternary Structure

Question 12

The codons that encode amino acids, doesn’t include the stop codon

Answer 12

Sense codon

Question 13

The characteristic of codons that means it each codon only specifies one amino acid

Answer 13

Unambiguous

Question 14

The characteristic of codons that means the reading frame is set by the first codon used in translation

Answer 14

Non-overlapping

Question 15

The characteristic of codons that means that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon

Answer 15

Degenerate (redundant)

Question 16

The characteristic of codons that means the same codons are used in nearly all organisms

Answer 16

Nearly Universal

Question 17

Codons that specify the same amino acid

Answer 17

Synonymous codons

Question 18

Different tRNAs that carry the same amino acids but have different anticodons

Answer 18

Isoaccepting tRNAs

Question 19

The stop codons

Answer 19

UGA, UAA, UAG

Question 20

The start codon

Answer 20

AUG

Question 21

The non-overlapping reading of triple nucleotide sequence

Answer 21

Reading Frame

Question 22

A DNA sequence with a long stretch of codons in the same reading frame that is not interrupted by stop codons, suggests the presence of a gene

Answer 22

Open Reading Frame

Question 23

The protein that catalyzes the addition of the correct amino acid to the 3’ end of a tRNA by recognizing certain positions that differ on different tRNA molecules

Answer 23

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (tRNA synthetases)

Question 24

The length of a tRNA

Answer 24

80 nt

Question 25

A tRNa before an amino acid is added

Answer 25

Uncharged tRNA

Question 26

A tRNA after an amino acid is added to is by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Answer 26

Charged tRNA

Question 27

The part of the large ribosomal subunit that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

Answer 27

Peptidyl Transferase

Question 28

The part of the ribsome that has peptidyl transferase activity

Answer 28

Large subunit

Question 29

The part of the ribosome that bind to mRNA

Answer 29

Small subunit

Question 30

The 5’ side of the codon, where the uncharged tRNA exits

Answer 30

Exit (E) site

Question 31

The site where new peptide bonds are formed between the growing polypeptide and the amino acid in the A site

Answer 31

Peptidyl (P) site

Question 32

The 3’ side of the ribosome, that accepts charged tRNA

Answer 32

Aminoacyl (A) site

Question 33

The assembly of ribosome subunits at the start codon (AUG) for translation

Answer 33

Initation

Question 34

The sequential addition of amino acids to the C-terminus of a growing polypeptide, where ribosomes move 5’’ to 3’ along mRNA

Answer 34

Elongation

Question 35

When polypeptide synthesis stops at the sop codons that are in from with the start codon, required release factors

Answer 35

Termination

Question 36

In bacteria, the methionine of the initiator tRNA is

Answer 36

formylated (f-Met)

Question 37

The sequence complementary to part of the 16S rRNA sequence in bacteria, part of initiation of translation

Answer 37

Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

Question 38

The first step of initiation of translation in bacteria, where the small subunit and an IF bind to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, and tRNAfMet is positioned on the AUG

Answer 38

Formation of the 30S initiation complex

Question 39

The second step of initiation of translation in bacteria, when all IFs dissociate, GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, and the large subunit joins the 30S complex

Answer 39

Formation of the 70S initiation complex

Question 40

A sequence that can determine which start codon is the initiator in eukaryotes

Answer 40

Kozak sequence

Question 41

The part of the first step in the elongation stage of translation, which a charged tRNA is bound to when it enters the A site

Answer 41

Elongation factor (EF)

Question 42

mRNA in the process of being translated by multiple ribosomes

Answer 42

Polyribosome