Chapter 11- Development

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

study of continuity and change across the life span

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

single cell that contains chromosomes from both sperm and egg

Question 3

Germinal Stage

Answer 3

2 week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

Question 4

Embryonic stage

Answer 4

period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

Question 5

Fetal stage

Answer 5

period of prenatal development that lasts from 9th week until birth

Question 6

Myelination

Answer 6

formation of fatty sheath around axons of brain cell

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 9

Infancy

Answer 9

stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Question 10

Motor development

Answer 10

emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Question 11

Reflexes

Answer 11

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

Question 12

Cephalocaudal Rule

Answer 12

“top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

Question 13

Proximodistal Rule

Answer 13

“inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

Question 14

Cognitive development

Answer 14

emergence of the ability to understand the world

Question 15

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 15

stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

Question 16

schemas

Answer 16

theories about or models of the way the world works

Question 17

assimilation

Answer 17

process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

Question 18

accommodation

Answer 18

process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Question 19

object permanence

Answer 19

idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Question 20

childhood

Answer 20

stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence

Question 21

Preoperational stage

Answer 21

stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have preliminary understanding of the physical world

Question 22

Concrete operational stage

Answer 22

stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others’ minds

Question 23

conservation

Answer 23

notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

Question 24

formal operational stage

Answer 24

stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others’ minds and learn to reason abstractly

Question 25

egocentricism

Answer 25

failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers (–> False belief test with marble, box & drawer)

Question 26

theory of mind

Answer 26

idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently

Question 27

attachment

Answer 27

emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

Question 28

strange situation

Answer 28

behavioral developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style (4 attachment styles: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)

Question 29

internal working model of relationships

Answer 29

!!…(internal working model of attachment: a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure)

Question 30

temperaments

Answer 30

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

Question 31

pre-conventional stage

Answer 31

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 32

conventional stage

Answer 32

stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 33

postconventional stage

Answer 33

a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.

Question 34

adolescence

Answer 34

period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)

Question 35

puberty

Answer 35

bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 36

primary sex characteristics

Answer 36

bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

Question 37

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 37

bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 38

adulthood

Answer 38

stage of development that begins around 18-21 years old and ends at death

Question 39

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 39

1) sensorimotor stage
2) pre operational stage
3) concrete-operational stage
4) formal-operational stage

Question 40

Kohlberg’s view of moral development (3 stages)

Answer 40

1) preconventional
2) conventional
3) postconventional

Question 41

4 common expectations of the physical world (what babies know)

Answer 41

1) occlusion
2) support
3) solidity
4) kinetic transfer

Question 42

impetus theory

Answer 42

ball move A or B? physics experiment where ball will move in perpendicular direction of being hit by a spinning stick (tangential)

Question 43

spotlight effect

Answer 43

when one tends to feel embarrassed due to an overestimation of the significance something had on other people’s memory of him/her (wearer’s estimate vs. actual of remembering ugly t-shirt)

Question 44

change in physical vs. societal adulthood between past & present

Answer 44

past: physical shortly before societal
present: earlier physical and later societal, therefore large gap = longer adolescence