Chapter 11: Factorial Designs

Question 1

What is a factor?

Answer 1

something that can influence an outcome or dependent variable

Question 2

This experimental design have more than 1 independent variable (AKA factor)

Answer 2

factorial designs

Question 3

T or F: a factorial design can establish a cause and effect relationship

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

In a simplest factorial design, there are ______ IVs with ____ levels, resulting in ______ conditions

Answer 4

2; 2; 4

“two-by-two factorial design”

Question 5

T or F: in the most basic form, factorial designs are mixed designs

Answer 5

FALSE. They are true experiments in the most basic form

Question 6

What occurs in a true experiment?

Answer 6

the researcher manipulates all of the IVs, which are between-subject variables

Question 7

A factorial design becomes a _________ design if any of the IVs is a within-subject variable

Answer 7

mixed design

Question 8

If one of the IVs is a quasi-independent variable, or something the researcher cannot truly manipulate, the factorial design is a _____ design

Answer 8

hybrid design

Question 9

If there are 2 levels of A and 3 levels of B, the design would be a ___x___ factorial design with _____ conditions

Answer 9

2x3; 6 conditions

Question 10

How many independent variables and IV levels are in a 2x2x2 factorial design?

Answer 10

3 independent variables, 2 levels for each IV

Question 11

You are running a study where you measure height (tall, short) and weight (heavy, skinny, average). What type of factorial design is this?

Answer 11

2x3

Question 12

What occurs in an interaction?

Answer 12

1 IV alters how the other IV infleunces the DV
- a unique effect that occurs when combining 2 or more factors

Question 13

WHat occurs in a crossover (disordinal) interaction?

Answer 13

an IV has opposing effects on the DV at the different levels of the other IV

*the IV might increase the effectiveness for 1 DV level, but may harm the other level

Question 14

What occurs in an ordinal interaction?

Answer 14

an interaction where one IV has an influence on a particular level of the other IV, but not on all levels

**when 1 IV has an influence on a particular level of the other IV, but not on all of its levels

Question 15

In this effect, the sum of 2 variables produce an outcome greater than the effects of each varible. Which effect is this?

** the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Answer 15

Synergistic effect

Question 16

In this effect, the sum of 2 variables produce an outcome less than the effects of each variable. Which effect is this?

**the sum is less than the parts

Answer 16

suppression effect

Question 17

A two-way ANOVA test produces the results for:

Answer 17

1. cell means
2. marginal means

Question 18

What is a cell mean?

Answer 18

the mean (average) for the DV for each specific combination of the IV levels

Question 19

We can look at the pattern of the ____ means to understand how the 2 IVs interact or combine to influence the DV

Answer 19

cell means

Question 20

What is a marginal mean?

Answer 20

the means for the DV for each level of an IV, averaged across all levels of other variables

ex. 1 set of marginaal means will focus on spray vs. no spray, while ignoring the type of pick-up line, an the other marginal means will focus on the pick-up attempts, while ignoring the spray

Question 21

In a 4x3x2x2 factorial experiment, you have _____ independent variables and potentially _____ main effect hypotheses

a) 11;4
b) 4;4
c) 4;11
d) there is not enough information to tell

Answer 21

b) 4;4

Question 22

What is a vignette?

Answer 22

a description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react

Question 23

Using a confederate in our study is important for which of the following reasons?

a) it allows us to maximize experimental control
b) it allows us to maximize external validity
c) it is the only way we can be sure to have a reliable measure
d) it is the only way we can be sure to have a valid measure

Answer 23

a) it allows us to maximize experimental control

Question 24

Which statistical test allows us to simultaneously test how 2 seperate nominal or categorical IV (or factors) influence the DV, and how those IVs interact to influence the DV?

Answer 24

two-way ANOVA test (factorial ANOVA)

Question 25

Which test examines how levels how levels of each IV combine with levels of other IV? These combinations then result in _____

Answer 25

1. two-way ANOVA test 2. cell mean

Question 26

What does a main effect hypothesis focus on?

Answer 26

the effect of a single IV on the DV, ignoring all other IVs

Question 27

What does the interaction effect hypothesis hypothesize?

Answer 27

that an effect on the DV is due to an interaction of 2 IVs

Question 28

If a 2x2x3 factorial design is arranged with independent groups of participants, and 30 participants are desired per group, how many participants are required? a) 180 b) 210 c) 360 d) 480

Answer 28

c) 360 (***2x2x3 = 12, then 12x30 = 360)

Question 29

If a 2x3 factorial design is arranged with independent groups of participants, and 30 participants are desired per group, how many participants are required? a) 60 b) 90 c) 120 d) 180

Answer 29

d) 180

Question 30

What is the maximum number of factors that can be investigated in an experimental design? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) there is no maximum

Answer 30

d) there is no maximum

Question 31

_____ factorial designs are those in which 1 or more of the factors investigated is a quasi-independent variable a) multi-level b) mixed c) between-subjects d) hybrid

Answer 31

d) hybrid

Question 32

A factor must have a minimum of ______ levels a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Answer 32

b) 2

Question 33

A(n) ______ interaction effect occurs when 1 independent variable has an influence on one, but not all levels of the other independent variable a) ordinal b) crossover c) point d) contrast

Answer 33

a) ordinal

Question 34

An advantage of studies conducted in the natural environmnet is that they tend to be high in: a) statistical power b) interaction effects c) mundane realism d) experimental control

Answer 34

c) mundane realism

Question 35

A 2x2 factorial design arranges how many marginal means? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Answer 35

d) 4

Question 36

A 2x3 factorial design arranges how many cell means? a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6

Answer 36

d) 6

Question 37

A ____ mean is the average on the deppendent variable a) cell b) factor c) marginal d) sample

Answer 37

a) cell

Question 38

A(n) ____ effect occurs when 2 variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes a) insignificant b) marginal c) crossover d) suppression

Answer 38

d) suppression

Question 39

A _____ effect occurs when two variables combine to produce an outcome that is greater than what each individual variable contributes a) significant b) suppression c) main d) synergistic

Answer 39

d) synergistic

Question 40

A researcher is given the task of creating a stress-lowering environment. The researcher runs a between-subjects 2x2 factorial design (music or no music, with waterfall sound or no waterfall sound). This study potentially has _______ main effect hypotheses and _____ interaction effect hypotheses a) 4;8 b) 4;4 c) 2;4 d) 2;2

Answer 40

c) 2;4