Chapter 9: Multigroup Design

Question 1

What is a multigroup design?

Answer 1

an experimental design with 3 or more levels of the IV

Question 2

T or F: in a multigroup design, we can identify a potential nonlinear (or functional) relationship

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

In order to see a non-linear relationship, there needs to be at least _____ independent variables

Answer 3

3

Question 4

What is “methodological pluralism”?

Answer 4

a wide range of methods and strategies to answer the questions in an experiment

Question 5

This is a oroblematic variable that unintentionally varies along with the manipulation, and can cause change to the dependent variable:

Answer 5

confound variable

Question 6

What is an empty control group?

Answer 6

a group of participants who complete the dependent variable WITHOUT receiving ANY treatment (AND NO PLACEBO)

Question 7

What type of response can be observed in the empty control group?

Answer 7

a baseline response

Question 8

This group of participants falsely believe they are receiving the experimental treatment:

Answer 8

placebo group

Question 9

What is a categorical variable?

Answer 9

a variable that represents categories or groups, and allows the participants to choose which option they prefer

Question 10

This statistical test is used when we want to test whether the responses from at least 1 of the conditions is “marked differently” from the others:

Answer 10

One-way ANOVA

Question 11

The first ANOVA test we should conduct is on our ______ to check the effectiveness

Answer 11

manipulation check

Question 12

T or F: the one-way ANOVA only indicates that at least 1 condition is statistically different from the others

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

What is a con of a one-way ANOVA test?

Answer 13

it does not tell us WHERE the specific conditions differ from the other conditions

Question 14

This statistical test examines potential differences that were not predicted or anticipated prior to conducting the study:

Answer 14

exploratory analyses

Question 15

To run an exploratory analyses, we have to run a _____ _____ test

Answer 15

post-hoc; examines ALL possible combinations of conditions to statistically account for the fact that we did not predict them prior to the study

Question 16

To test the new and improved hypothesis after the exploratory analyses and post-hoc test, we need to use:

Answer 16

planned contrasts

Question 17

What is a planned contrast?

Answer 17

a statistical test that examines comparisons between groups that we predicted ahead of time.

***it allows us combine conditions so we can compare them to other conditions in the study

Question 18

What type of test should be run if you have a categorical dependent variable?

Answer 18

chi-square test of independence

Question 19

This test tells us if the distribution of participants accross categories (O) deviates from what would be expected if there were no differences between the groups (E):

Answer 19

chi-square test of independence

Question 20

T or F: for therre to be a significant different in a chi-square test of independence, we need less participants than expected in some conditions compared to others:

Answer 20

FALSE; we need MORE participants in some conditions than others

Question 21

Which test tests the nominal or categorical validity of our conditions in hypothesis 1?

Answer 21

chi-square test

Question 22

What test(s) do you use to evaluate hypothesis 1?

Answer 22

One-way ANOVA with a post-hoc test

Question 23

Which test(s) do you use to evaluate the continuous variable in hypothesis 2?

Answer 23

planned contrasts

Question 24

What is an omnibus test?

Answer 24

a test that tells you if there is ANY difference within the group (but cannot locate the differences)

Question 25

In which test do we subtract the expected score (E) from the observer score (O)?

Answer 25

chi-square test of independence

Question 26

Which test analyzes a categorical/behavioral measurable?

Answer 26

chi-square test of independence

Question 27

What is a type I error (alpha error)?

Answer 27

when the researcher incorrectly rejects the null hypothsis - the results simple occured by chance ex. saying the man IS guilty, when he is not

Question 28

What is a type II error (beta error)?

Answer 28

when the researcher fails to reject the null hypothsis - there WAS a significant finding, but it was missed in the analysis ex. saying the man is NOT guilty, when he really is

Question 29

What is hypothsis guessing?

Answer 29

when the participant actively attempts to identify the purpose of the research

Question 30

What does it mean when a study has "power"?

Answer 30

the study is able to find significant differences between groups, when there really is a real difference!

Question 31

All of the following are benefits of mutligroup design, except: a) it allows you to discover functional or curvilinear relationships b) you generally need fewer participants c) you can test several levels of the independent variable in the same study d) you are more likely to have significant findings

Answer 31

d) you are more likely to have significant findings

Question 32

Hunter designed a study to test children's enjoyent of certain toys. He has a gorup of 150 children play with either a: jump rope, remote control car, doll, or a puzzle. How many levels does Hunter's independent variable have? a) 4 b) 3 c) 150 d) 1

Answer 32

a) 4

Question 33

Danica has a cold, so her mom gives her hot chicken soup with carrots, noodles, celery and broth. Danica's mom explains that the broth will help her feel better. Which of the following would be a potential confound if her mom tries testing her hypothesis? a) the carrots b) the noodles c) the temperature of the soup d) all of the above

Answer 33

d) all of the above

Question 33

A financial-planning agency wants to do a study on how exposure to large sums of money can influence decision making among their clients. During study planning, a member of the research team raises the concern that some of their clients routinely handle large sums of money (ex. Some are cashiers, bankers, or already wealthy). What is the best way to solve this issue? a) add an empty control group to the research design b) have the experimenter assign participants to their condition c) use random selection to obtain a representative sample d) use random assignment to place participants into the different conditions

Answer 33

d) use random assignment to place participants into the different conditions

Question 34

If we have a multigroup with 4 groups, roughly how many participants should we have to have reasonable power? a) 30 b) 40 c) 120 d) 150

Answer 34

c) 120

Question 34

Mia believes that drinking iced coffee before her class helps him learn the material better. To test this, she runs a study where participants are randomly assigned to drink either iced coffee just the way Mia likes (2% milk, 3 packets of sugar) OR ice water with 3 packets of sugar mixed in. Which of the following is a confound? a) the packets of sugar b) the 2% milk c) the ice in the drink d) all of the above

Answer 34

b) the 2% milk

Question 35

A design invetigating the effects of room temperature on attitudes toward climate includes questions where participants are asked to estimate the room temperature, size and time spent in the room. This constitutes a _______ and addind distractor items unrelated to those concepts help reduce_______ a) debriefing exercise; participant reactivity b) debriefing exercise; hypothesis guessing c) manipulation check; confounding variables d) manipulation sheck; demand characteristics

Answer 35

d) manipulation sheck; demand characteristics

Question 36

To achieve adequate power, a general rule of thumb is to study at least ___ participants per group a) 8 b) 15 c) 30 d) 50

Answer 36

c) 30

Question 37

Cronbach's alpha assesses the _____ of a self-report measure a) validity b) reliability c) effect size d) statistical significance

Answer 37

b) reliability

Question 38

A one-way ANOVA revealed that the results from a 4-group experiment were satistically significant. How many post-hoc tests should be conducted? a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6

Answer 38

d) 6

Question 39

Which statistic assesses the internal consistency reliability of a scale? a) ANOVA b) F score c) Cronbach's alpha d) eta

Answer 39

c) Cronbach's alpha

Question 40

Which is a true statement about a nonsignificant manipulation check? a) it invalidates an experiment because an independent variable was necessarily not varied b) it is a cause of concern and warrants additional investigation c) it is the expected result and thus not a cause of concern d) it demonstrates that any significant group differences observed on the dependent variable occured by chance

Answer 40

b) it is a cause of concern and warrants additional investigation

Question 41

Suppose participants randomly assigned and tested in a hot room expressed more concern about global warming than participants randomly assigned and tested in a normal or cold room. Which BEST symmarizes these results? a) deviations from normal temperature increase concerns about global warming b) deviations from normal temperature alter attitudes about global warming c) heat increases concerns about global warming d) heat alters attitudes about global warming

Answer 41

c) heat increases concerns about global warming