Chapter 11 - fundamental organic chem

Question 1

Prefixes

And mnemonic

Answer 1

My elephant prefers buttered peanuts hot

Meth- 1 carbon 
Eth- 2 carbons
Prop- 3 carbons
But- 4 carbons 
Pent- 5 carbons
Etc.

Question 2

Aliphatic molecules
Alicyclic molecules
Aromantic molecules

Answer 2

Carbon atoms joined in chains
- no rings

Carbons joined in a ring

Contains a benzene ring

Question 3

General formulae for
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

Answer 3

CnH2n+2

CnH2n

CnH2n-2

Question 4

What are
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

Answer 4

Alkanes have only single bonds between carbons

Alkenes have at least one carbon- carbon double bond

Alkynes have at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

Question 5

Functional groups and names
Alkene
Alkyne
Alcohol

Answer 5

C=C -ene

C_= C triple bond -yne

-OH “-ol”

Question 6

Functional group and names
Haloalkane
Aldehyde 
Ketone
Carboxylic acid

Answer 6

-Cl/Br/F etc. -chloro/bromo etc.

O
||
C- H -al

 O
 || C-C-C    -one

O
||
C-O-H -oic acid

Question 7

Molecular formula

Answer 7

Shows how many of each type of atom are in a compound

Question 8

Empirical formula

Answer 8

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different types in a molecule

Question 9

General formula

Answer 9

Algebraic formula showing the trend in ratio of atoms for a homologous series

Question 10

Structural formula (3 types)

Answer 10

Displayed 
    H
     |
H-C-H
     |
    H

Written e.g. CH3CH2CH3

Skeletal e.g.
/\/

Question 11

Structural isomerism and how to tell if something is an isomer

Answer 11

“Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula”

If it has the same name then it is not an isomer

Question 12

when does fission take place

Answer 12

when a covalent bond is broken

Question 13

what is the difference between homolytic fission and heterolytic fission

Answer 13

in homolytic fission each atom takes one of the shared electrons to form two radicals
in heterolytic fission one atom takes both bonded electrons to form two oppositely charged ions

Question 14

what is a radical

Answer 14

a radical is a species with an unpaired electron

Question 15

what does a curly arrow represent (different types)

Answer 15

the movement of electrons
half an arrow head = one electron
full arrow head = 2 electrons (pair)

Question 16

what happens in addition reactions

Answer 16

2 reactants form one product

Question 17

what happens in substitution reactions

Answer 17

an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Question 18

what happens in elimination reactions

Answer 18

the removal of a smaller molecule/atom from a larger one

Question 19

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 19

A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Question 20

difference between saturated and unsaturated molecules

Answer 20

a saturated compound contains only single bonds

an unsaturated compound contains double or triple bonds

Question 21

what is a homologous series

Answer 21

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group and similar chemical properties where each successive member differs by a CH2 group

Question 22

what is a sigma bond

Answer 22

the overlap of orbitals (usually s orbitals) between adjacent atoms to form a shared pair of electrons with an electrostatic attraction to the nuclei of the bonded atoms

Question 23

what is a pi bond

Answer 23

the sideways overlap of p orbitals between adjacent atoms to form a shared pair of electrons with an electrostatic attraction to the nuclei of the bonded atoms