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Y10 Science > (Chapter 1.1) Genetics and biotech: DNA and the genetic code > Flashcards

(Chapter 1.1) Genetics and biotech: DNA and the genetic code Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

True or False - Every organism has DNA

A

True

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3
Q

Who is credited for the discovery of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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4
Q

Which female made a significant contribution to DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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5
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

Large biopolymers, macromolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

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6
Q

Identify the main component(s) of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar, and phosphate group

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7
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

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8
Q

Identify the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

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9
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases that are classified as purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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10
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases that are classified as pyrimidine

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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11
Q

Why are adenine and guanine the 2 larger nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and guanine are the 2 larger nitrogenous bases as purines have a 2-ring structure

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12
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

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14
Q

Identifying the pairing of nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine - Uracil

Cytosine - Guanine

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15
Q

Define chromosome

A

A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Composed of a singular DNA molecule

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16
Q

Identify the structure of DNA

A

2 polynucleotides coiled around each other to form the famous double-helix

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17
Q

Define DNA

A

A polymer that consists of 2 polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form the famous double helix, carrying genetic instructions for organisms and various viruses

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18
Q

Identify 2 nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

Identify the number of pairs of chromosomes in an average human

A

23

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20
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes is not necessarily an indication of organism complexity

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes is not necessarily an indication of organism complexity

A

True

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22
Q

Define gene

A

A unit of heredity, which is transferred to descendants, that determines a few characteristics of the descendant

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23
Q

Define karyotype

A

One’s complete set of chromosomes

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24
Q

Arrange the following structures in ascending order: Cell, Chromosome, Gene, Nucleic Acid, Nucleotide and Protein

A

Nucleotide, Nucleic Acid, Gene, Chromosome, Protein and Cell

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25
Define DNA replication
The biological process of producing 2 identical replicas of DNA from the original DNA strand
26
What bonds the nitrogenous bases together in nucleic acids?
Hydrogen bonds
27
Identify the role of the helicase
The helicase 'unzips' the DNA
28
Identify the role of the DNA polymerase
The DNA polymerase synthesises the nitrogenous bases on the coding strand and 'proofreads' its work
29
Contrast template and coding strand
The template strand is the original strand and is the | template for the coding strand, which is the newer strand
30
True or False: Replication is the first stage of both mitosis and meiosis
True
31
Define centromere
The region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle fibres attach, through the kinetochore, during cell division. Or in English, the intersection of 2 chromatids in cell division
32
Identify the types of cell division
Mitosis and meiosis
33
Define chromatid
1 identical chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
34
Identify the role of Okazaki fragments
The Okazaki fragments assist the polymerase in sythnesising the coding strand by dividing the strand into segments as the polymerase cannot sythnesise continuously
35
What is the formal name for body cells?
Somatic cells
36
Define diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
37
Define haploid
A singular set of chromosomes
38
Define homologus pairs
Corresponding pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles
39
What is the formal name for sex cells?
Gametes
40
Identify the role of the 23rd pair of chromosomes
The 23rd pair of chromosomes decide the gender of the offspring
41
Role of mitosis
Growth and repair in multicellular organisms
42
Identify the phases of mitosis
(Interphase,) Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
43
True or False: Interphase is a phase in cell division
False
44
Describe prophase
Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, in which the duplicated chromatin, which is contained in the nucleus, condenses
45
Define chromatin
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria consists of protein, RNA, and DNA
46
Describe prometaphase
Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres are formed.
47
Define nuclear envelope
A lipid bilayer membrane in eukaryotic cells that surrounds the nucleus
48
Identify the term nuclear envelope is also known as
Nuclear membrane
49
Describe metaphase
Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes align themselves into a singular line in the centre of the cell
50
Define spindle fibres
Threads that form a protein structure that equally divides the genetic material in a cell
51
Describe anaphase
Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, in which the chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers
52
Role of kinetochore
The kinetochore assists the spindle fibres attach to the chromatids
53
Describe telophase
Telophase is the fifth phase of mitosis, in which the 2 daughter cells are formed
54
True or False: Both the parent and daughter cells in mitosis are diploid
True
55
Identify the phases of meiosis
(interphase,) Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, (interphase II,) metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II
56
Identify the major phases of meiosis
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
57
Identify whether somatic cells are haploid or diploid
Diploid
58
Identify whether gametes are haploid or diploid
Haploid
59
Visually, identify features that show whether the cell is at the phase of meiosis I or II
If there is a singular cell, then it is in the phase of meiosis I. If there is 2 cells, then it is in the phase of meiosis II
60
Describe the process of meiosis
Basically, repeat the phases of mitosis twice
61
Role of meiosis
A type of cell division that occurs in germ cells to form 4 gametes
62
Outline the process of the development of male gametes
It starts off with a spermatagonium, which undergoes mitosis to form another spermatagonium and primary spermatocyte. Then, the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to form 4 spermatids, which develop to become sperm
63
Outline the process of the development of female gametes
It starts off with a primordial follicle, which contains an oocyte and granulosa cells. Then, the primordial follicle undergoes mitosis and grows in size. Then, the primordial follicle undergoes meiosis to form a matured egg and 3 undeveloped eggs
64
Define germ cell
Cells that create/develop in reproductive cells
65
Define mutation
Changes in the structure of a gene, resulting in a variation, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
66
Why are mutations relatively rare?
The polymerase's 'proofreading abilities' ensures there are minimal errors
67
Define amino acids
Molecules in (poly)peptides that form protein
68
Define peptide
A string of amino acids
69
Define codon
A sequence of 3 nucleic acids DNA or RNA
70
Describe the link between amino acids and codons
An amino acid is coded by the codon
71
Define mutagens
A physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
72
Outline somatic mutation
A mutation that occurs during mitosis in somatic cells
73
Outline germ-line mutation
A mutation that occurs during meiosis in germ cells, during the formation of gametes. Doesn't impact the individual but is heritable
74
Identify the genotype of females
XX
75
Identify the genotype of males
XY
76
Identify the types of RNA
mRNA(messenger), rRNA(ribosomal), and tRNA(transfer)
77
Identify the role of mRNA(messenger)
mRNA carries protein blueprint from a cell's DNA to a ribosome
78
Identify the role of rRNA(ribosomal)
rRNA reads the order of amino acids and links amino acids together
79
Identify the role of tRNA(transfer)
tRNA decodes an mRNA (messenger) sequence into a protein

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