(Chapter 4.3) Using Chemistry: Chemistry and Industry

Question 1

Define oxidant

Answer 1

A substance that can supply or take the place of oxygen in a reaction

Question 2

Define oxidation (reaction)

Answer 2

A reaction in which oxygen bonds with another substance

Question 3

Provide an example of an oxidation

Answer 3

Corrosion, combustion, respiration etc

Question 4

Define reduction (reaction)

Answer 4

A reaction in which oxgyen is removed from an oxidated substance

Question 5

Define reductant

Answer 5

A substance that removes oxygen from an oxidated substance by bonding with the oxygen

Question 6

Define polymers

Answer 6

A substance formed in a reaction in which smaller molecules bond to form long chains

Question 7

Define monomer

Answer 7

A substance that bonds together to form long chains

Question 8

Describe the process of a polyermisation reaction

Answer 8

The monomers are placed under specific conditions (varies from monomers) and the monomers bond

Question 9

Usually, what are the conditions to start a polymerisation reaction like?

Answer 9

High temperature, pressure, and use of a catalyst

Question 10

What is the term for a polymer produced by chemists or chemical engineers?

Answer 10

Synthetic polymer

Question 11

Identify the types of polymer structures

Answer 11

Linear polymers, occasionally cross-linked polymers (aka elastomers), and cross-linked polymers

Question 12

Define linear polymer

Answer 12

A singular long chain of atoms, with the possibility of small segments attached to this main branch

Question 13

Define elastomer

Answer 13

Various long chains of atoms, connected by small segments. They are termed ‘elastomers’ because they are elastic – they can be stretched and, when you let them go, they spring back into shape.

Question 14

Define cross-linked polymer

Answer 14

Giant covalent lattices

Question 15

What elements are common in polymers

Answer 15

Oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen and a carbon base

Question 16

Define thermoset

Answer 16

A substance that does not melt or change shape when heated but might char

Question 17

Define thermoplastic

Answer 17

A substance can change its shape when heated

Question 18

Explain why thermoset plastics are only cross-linked polymers or elastomers?

Answer 18

The relatively rigid structure of cross-linked polymers and elastomers results in the plastic being thermoset

Question 19

Explain why thermoplastic plastics are only linear polymers or elastomers?

Answer 19

The relatively unstable structure of linear polymers and elastomers results in the plastic being thermoplastic

Question 20

Define pollutants

Answer 20

A substance that is in the wrong place or amount and is causing harm

Question 21

Define cellulose

Answer 21

An insoluble substance part of plant cell walls and vegetable fibres. The most abundant organic polymer on the earth

Question 22

Define fossil fuels

Answer 22

A natural fuel formed in the remains of organisms

Question 23

What metals are catalytic converters in the exhaust system of vehicles?

Answer 23

Platinum, palladium and rhodium

Question 24

Define catalytic converters

Answer 24

An exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less toxic pollutants

Question 25

Given the chemical equation that occurs in the catalytic converters (2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2), explain why it is necessary

Answer 25

Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are 2 harmful substances to humans and carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas are 2 relatively harmless substances

Question 26

Define redox (reaction)

Answer 26

A reaction where a substance undergoes oxidation and the other undergoes reduction

Question 27

Why does the substance lose electrons during oxidation?

Answer 27

The electrons from the substance bond with the oxygen so the oxygen is stable (covalent)

Question 28

Why does the substance gain electrons during reduction?

Answer 28

The electrons from the substance that bonded with the oxygen are returned

Question 29

Is catalytic converters an example of a redox (2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2) and why?

Answer 29

Yes as the nitric oxide experiences reduction and the carbon monoxide experiences oxidation

Question 30

What elements are present in alcohol

Answer 30

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 31

Define biofuel

Answer 31

A fuel derived directly from living matter

Question 32

Identify the difference between natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide.

Answer 32

Natural carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide that should be present in the atmosphere and on the other hand, anthropogenic carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide that is artificially added by humanity

Question 33

Do all alcohols have a hydroxyl group?

Answer 33

Yes