Chapter 11 MCQ Flashcards by Ghaidaa Dakik

Skinner’s former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo?

A)Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.
B)Behaviorism is a very lucrative business after receiving a Ph.D.from Skinner.
C)Animals,like humans,are intelligent and have vastly complex minds.
D)Behaviorism is useless to solving real-world problems.
E)There are many hardships associated with animal psychology.

A)Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

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Watson’s behaviorism ____.

A)transformed psychology overnight
B)was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought
C)was essentially the same as neobehaviorism
D)lead directly to the cognitive revolution
E)eventually was abandoned by psychology

B)was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought

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The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____.

A)1913-1958
B)1925-1938
C)1930-1960
D)1930-1990
E)1904-1990

C)1930-1960

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Operationism means that a concept ____.

A)must be defined in logical terms
B)is synonymous with its methods of measurement
C)must be mathematical
D)operates to control human mental processes
E)All of the choices are correct.

B)is synonymous with its methods of measurement

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The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____.

A)perception
B)the neurophysiology of the brain
C)learning
D)unconscious mental processes
E)None of the choices are correct.

C)learning

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Operationism was ____.

A)a major characteristic of neobehaviorism
B)intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems
C)intended to make the language of science more objective and precise
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

D)All of the choices are correct.

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A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ____.

A)the importance of human subjects
B)learning and conditioning as the crux of the science of psychology
C)operationism
D)positivism
E)the rejection of the concept of consciousness

C)operationism

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The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it is called ____.

A)positivism
B)science
C)operationism
D)mechanism
E)determinism

C)operationism

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The term intervening variable refers to ____.

A)irrelevant stimuli in the conditioning setting
B)cognitive factors that may either interfere with or facilitate conditioning
C)internal processes that “connect” the stimulus with a response
D)an explanation for insight learning
E)preventive conditioning

C)internal processes that “connect” the stimulus with a response

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Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as ____.

A)having no influence on the animal’s overt behavior
B)defined by intervening variables
C)necessary for learning to take place
D)being the animal’s private business and therefore of no interest to him
E)important but unobservable by any means

A)having no influence on the animal’s overt behavior

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Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior?

A)environmental stimuli
B)physiological drives
C)heredity
D)motivation
E)age

D)motivation

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The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ____.

A)Descartes
B)Comte
C)Mach
D)the British empiricists
E)the French materialists

D)the British empiricists

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Tolman’s position on Thorndike’s law of effect was to ____.

A)accept it
B)accept it as long as reward or reinforcement was omitted from the law
C)reject it
D)incorporate it into his own purposive behavior theory
E)None of the choices are correct.

C)reject it

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For Tolman,the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ____.

A)that the rat readily leaves the start box of a maze
B)that the rat behaves so as to obtain food
C)that the animal changes its speed of running when the reward size is altered
D)learning
E)sign Gestalts

D)learning

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For Tolman,each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism’s ___.

A)learned responses
B)learned associations
C)expectations
D)response cues
E)habit strength

C)expectations

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In Tolman’s system,intervening variables were ____.

A)observable
B)dependent variables
C)the determinants of behavior
D)independent variables
E)as useful as the notion of consciousness

C)the determinants of behavior

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A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it ____.

A)was first adopted by physics
B)validated their desire for greater consistency in the science of psychology
C)validated the use of rats to determine basic laws of human behavior
D)facilitated a new relationship with research endeavors in medicine
E)was easy to apply to experiments

A)was first adopted by physics

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Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli)affect processes within the organism.These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response).These internal processes are known as ____.

A)operational variables
B)mental sets
C)cognitive variables
D)intervening variables
E)concrete variables

D)intervening variables

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What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy?

A)The former emphasizes success and failure whereas the latter emphasizes mental state.
B)The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it.
C)The latter emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the former ignores it.
D)The latter is not a useful construct whereas the former is.
E)The latter is the basis of sociobehaviorism whereas the former is an elaboration of it.

B)The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it.

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Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?

A)Tolman’s
B)Guthrie’s
C)Lewin’s
D)Wertheimer’s
E)Köhler’s

A)Tolman’s

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Edward C.Tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ____. A)molar behavior B)stimulus-response associations C)intervening behaviorism D)purposive behaviorism E)goal setting theory

D)purposive behaviorism

Tolman's graduate training was in ____,as is reflected in his later work. A)philosophy B)structuralism C)Gestalt psychology D)behaviorism E)Both B and C

E)Both B and C

From the 1940s to the 1960s,who dominated American psychology? A)Tolman's students and disciples B)functional theorists C)Hullians D)radical behaviorists E)Skinnerians

C)Hullians

From 1930 until the 1960s,the ____ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists. A)human being B)white man C)white bunny D)white rat E)cat

D)white rat

Hull's background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ____. A)his development of statistical analysis methods B)his invention of a machine to calculate correlations C)the use of postulates and axioms in his system D)his description and explanation of behavior in mathematical equations E)All of the choices are correct.

E)All of the choices are correct.

Hull's primary research focus was grounded in ____. A)Pavlov's laws of conditioning B)respondent behavior C)Watson's behaviorism D)Estes's stimulus-sampling hypothesis E)None of the choices are correct.

A)Pavlov's laws of conditioning

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ____. A)demonstrate the role of reinforcement in learning B)provide the basic foundation from which other studies could be devised in order to replicate the results with other species C)provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals D)yield basic information on motivation and motivation E)serve as an intervening variable between higher and lower species

C)provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals

Hull had an immense knowledge of ____ and ____. A)biology and chemistry B)formal logic and mathematics C)mathematics and operationism D)behavior and thought processes E)psychology and the occult

B)formal logic and mathematics

The learning theorist ____ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success. A)Tolman B)Hull C)Skinner D)Bandura E)Rotter

B)Hull

Of all the neobehaviorists,the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ____. A)Tolman B)Rotter C)Hull D)Skinner E)Bridgman

C)Hull

Which of the following men devoted 10 years to the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility? A)Dollard B)Tolman C)Pavlov D)Hull E)Miller

D)Hull

Hull's system sought to describe and explain ____. A)respondent behavior B)operant behavior C)intervening variables D)referents of consciousness E)all behavior

E)all behavior

According to Schultz and Schultz,"perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ____. A)Watson B)Tolman C)Hull D)Holt E)Skinner

C)Hull

The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they ____. A)obscure the consciousness versus behaviorist distinction B)are positivist C)are observable D)are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs E)have been reified

D)are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs

Hull's form of behaviorism was ____ than ____. A)much freer of intervening variables;Tolman's B)much less free of intervening variables;Tolman's C)less sophisticated and complex;Watson's D)more sophisticated and complex;Watson's E)more organismic;Tolman's

D)more sophisticated and complex;Watson's

Throughout his professional career,Hull emphasized ____. A)objective methods and functional laws B)the importance of being open-minded C)that psychology must,above all,stress the basic D)the importance of schedules of reinforcement E)None of the choices are correct.

A)objective methods and functional laws

Hull's work contributed to which of the following? A)the hypothetico-deductive method B)learning theory C)drive reduction theory D)increasing generalizability E)A,B,and C

E)A,B,and C

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____. A)field theory B)vectors (response directions and strengths) C)valences (reward values) D)mathematics E)behavior

D)mathematics

Tolman described ____ as alternatively "creepy" and "delightful." A)Watson's ideas B)operational definitions C)intervening variables D)white laboratory rats E)the laboratories in which he worked

D)white laboratory rats

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive? A)hunger B)defecation C)sleep D)pain relief E)exercise

E)exercise

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions.Such an approach appears similar to whose research method? A)Newton's B)Tolman's C)Guthrie's D)Hull's E)Wundt's

D)Hull's

Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn's sense of the term)in psychology,one would have to implement which method? A)simple observation B)systematic controlled observation C)experimental testing of hypotheses D)operant conditioning E)the hypothetico-deductive method

E)the hypothetico-deductive method

For Hull,drive reduction is ____. A)an intervening variable B)the sole basis for reinforcement C)an independent variable D)a dependent variable E)a vector

B)the sole basis for reinforcement

Hull's concept of motivation is grounded in the doctrine of ____. A)biology B)drive reduction C)the hypothetico-deductive method D)induction E)the variability hypothesis

A)biology

In Hull's system,the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ____. A)purposive behavior B)intervening variables C)the length of deprivation of a physiological need D)the degree of satisfaction the organism expects E)reinforcement

E)reinforcement

Hull's training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ____. A)mathematics B)vectors (response directions and strengths) C)valences (reward values) D)field theory E)biology

A)mathematics

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ____. A)simple observation B)systematic controlled observation C)experimental testing of hypotheses D)the hypothetico-deductive method E)one-trial learning

D)the hypothetico-deductive method

In Hull's system,drive ____. A)is a specific consequence of a specific state manipulated by the experimenter B)directs behavior toward a specific goal C)energizes behavior D)is always learned E)is a respondent

C)energizes behavior

This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined,lawful,and orderly" just as his system would predict. A)Pavlov B)Watson C)Tolman D)Hull E)Skinner

E)Skinner

"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of ____. A)drive B)habit strength C)magnitude of conditioning D)reflex reserve E)magnitude of a respondent

A)drive

If seeing McDonald's golden arches decreases your hunger,then the arches are ____. A)primary reinforcement B)secondary reinforcement C)habits D)organismic variables E)dependent variables

B)secondary reinforcement

In Hull's system,a drive is a(n)____. A)intervening variable B)stimulus C)response D)intervening variable and stimulus E)All of the choices are correct.

E)All of the choices are correct.

Secondary drives are ____. A)innate drives B)biologically driven C)a result of pairing with a primary drive D)only used to reduce pain responses E)reinforced only when primary drives are satisfied

C)a result of pairing with a primary drive

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory.Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method? A)Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior.Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior. B)From a set of theoretical postulates,deductions are made.These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally.The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary. C)Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning.Once the theory is formed,there is no need to test the theory,since theory is more important than data. D)Any of the choices might be correct,depending on the circumstances. E)None of the choices are correct.

B)From a set of theoretical postulates,deductions are made.These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally.The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.

Secondary drives are ____. A)those less vital than primary drives B)learned drives C)those not included in the categories of food,liquid,or warmth D)those not associated with food,water,or warmth E)those that occur in uncontrolled (nonexperimental)situations such as "real life"

B)learned drives

Thorndike and Hull agreed that,in order for learning to occur,the organism must ____. A)form cognitive maps of the situation B)represent the environment in terms of mental elements C)have a need state D)experience reinforcement occurring after a response E)None of the choices are correct.

D)experience reinforcement occurring after a response

Hull's law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ____. A)Hartley's law of contiguity B)Rotter's locus of control C)Thorndike's law of effect D)Thorndike's law of exercise E)Skinner's continuous reinforcement principle

C)Thorndike's law of effect

In Hull's system,habit strength is ____. A)the strength of the S-R connection B)evidence of latent learning C)a function of the number of reinforcements D)a function of the size of the drive E)a function of the size of the reward (incentive)

A)the strength of the S-R connection

To the end of his life,Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it ____. A)ignored biological factors B)was a science of the mind C)could not explain cognition D)did not adapt to the changing world E)was not a natural science in its methods

B)was a science of the mind

Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid.In both cases,they must select ____. A)applied psychology principles B)schedules of reinforcement C)rates of responding D)only continuous schedules E)extinction schedules

E)extinction schedules

The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ____. A)practice B)repetition C)reinforcement D)the operant E)stimulus control

C)reinforcement

The central difference between Skinner's law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull's position on learning is that ____. A)Skinner thought that all behavior is controlled by reinforcement whereas Thorndike and Hull did not think reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur B)There is none because all were interested in acquisition,not learning C)For Thorndike and Hull human behavior is purposive and controlled by free will whereas Skinner was a strict determinist D)Thorndike and Hull were concerned with description;Skinner was concerned with explanation E)Skinner's law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull's positions are explanatory

E)Skinner's law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull's positions are explanatory

The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ____,who did not receive acclaim for the text until 50 years later. A)Skinner B)Washburn C)Tolman D)Hull E)Frost

A)Skinner

A criticism of Skinner's work is his ____. A)use of the hypothetico-deductive method B)emphasis on positive reinforcement and rejection of punishment C)willingness to extrapolate from the data,especially with regard to human behavior D)work on instinctive behavior E)unassailable adherence to operationism

C)willingness to extrapolate from the data,especially with regard to human behavior

Skinner defined a reflex as a(n)____. A)objectively observable product of the autonomic nervous system B)intervening variable C)respondent D)S-R connection E)S-R correlation and nothing more

E)S-R correlation and nothing more

Skinner's research was unique among that of the major neobehaviorists in his ____. A)use of the single-subject design B)relative lack of a theoretical framework C)concern with describing rather than explaining behavior D)rejection of variables inside the organism E)All of the choices are correct.

E)All of the choices are correct.

For Skinner,the dependent variable is the ____. A)rate of response B)force of the response C)velocity of the response D)number of trials to criterion E)number of reinforced trials

A)rate of response

Who drew a distinction between operant behavior and respondent behavior? A)Pavlov B)Hull C)Watson D)Tolman E)Skinner

E)Skinner

The success of Skinner's book The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ____. A)how clearly it was written B)the Zeitgeist,demonstrated by its immediate success C)the publicity about and popularity of the air crib D)the utopia he described in Walden Two and the book's popularity among college students in the 1950s E)the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

E)the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

Skinner claimed that he studied ____ while Pavlov studied ____. A)free behavior;reflexive behavior B)acquired behavior;reflexive behavior C)elicited behavior;emitted behavior D)explanations;descriptions E)operant behavior;respondent behavior

E)operant behavior;respondent behavior

Skinner raised his daughter in an "air crib" with the result that she ____. A)is a behaviorally disturbed individual B)was not adversely affected C)took longer to be cared for than children raised by traditional methods D)refused to look at people as an adult E)was unable to sleep in a regular bed

B)was not adversely affected

Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior? A)Skinner B)Hull C)Watson D)Tolman E)Bandura

A)Skinner

A schedule of reinforcement ____. A)lists which behaviors can be conditioned B)depicts the steps necessary to establish an operant response C)is not used by operant researchers D)depicts the steps necessary to establish a respondent E)determines when reinforcement occurs

E)determines when reinforcement occurs

For Skinner,what is the primary characteristic of living things? A)oxygen B)life on earth C)behavior D)stimuli E)All of the choices are correct.

C)behavior

The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ____. A)behavior modification B)chaining C)trial-and-learning D)omission training E)sneaky

A)behavior modification

Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the ____. A)importance of contiguity B)importance of reinforcement C)focus on operants rather than on respondents D)quantification of responses E)lack of theoretical framework

E)lack of theoretical framework

From the 1950s to the 1980's,American Psychology was shaped more by the work of ____ than by the work of any other psychologist. A)Tolman B)Hull C)Skinner D)Tolman. E)Mowrer

C)Skinner

People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ____. A)a tendency toward depression B)an external locus of control C)an internal locus of control D)a subjective expectations and experiences E)a low locus of control

C)an internal locus of control

The term social learning theory was coined by ____. A)Tolman B)Bandura C)Rotter D)Neisser E)Skinner

C)Rotter

Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ____. A)are self-activated B)require observable S-R contiguity C)require reinforcement for acquisition D)occur in one trial E)are often overlooked because of the focus on acts rather than movements

A)are self-activated

Rotter has suggested that locus of control ____. A)is acquired in infancy,much like Horney's basic anxiety B)is acquired in childhood C)is acquired in adolescence,much like Erikson's ego identity D)is acquired over the life span,much like Erikson's ego integrity E)fluctuates in accord with one's self-efficacy

B)is acquired in childhood

The "third stage" of behaviorism refers to ____. A)the advent of humanism B)sociobehaviorism C)the reframing of psychoanalytic concepts in behavioristic terms D)the implementation of behaviorism's laws of learning in clinical psychology E)the return to Watsonian thought

B)sociobehaviorism

Bandura argues that what changes a person's behavior is ____. A)what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is B)the actual schedule of reinforcement C)their free will D)the result of his or her intelligence E)None of the choices are correct.

A)what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is

Whereas a concern of Skinner was the improvement of society through his technology of behavior,Bandura's is more specific,namely the ____. A)alleviation of abnormal behavior B)reduction of media violence C)identification of the characteristics that are most potent D)identification of factors that influence locus of control E)identification of the observable referents of self-efficacy

A)alleviation of abnormal behavior

A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ____. A)striving for superiority B)self-esteem C)self-concept D)feelings of inferiority E)self-efficacy

E)self-efficacy

A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ____. A)fixed interval B)variable interval C)fixed ratio D)variable ratio E)vicarious

E)vicarious

The main criticism of Bandura's system is ____. A)the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior B)that cognitive processes are as mystical as consciousness C)that cognitive processes have no physiological or physical referents D)the importance he attributes to modeling E)the importance he attributes to the construct of self-efficacy

A)the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior

For Bandura,the agent who controls the ____ controls behavior. A)reinforcers B)punishers C)models D)stimuli E)expectancies

C)models