Chapter 11- Populations And Samples

Question 0

What is the goal of sampling in quant research

Answer 0

Make generalizations abt the pop from which the sample was drawn

Question 1

Def population

Answer 1

A complete set of persons or objects that possess some common characteristic of interest to the researcher

Question 2

What 2 groups is the population composed of

Answer 2

Target pop

Accessible pop

Question 3

Def target pop

Answer 3

The entire group or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of a study

Question 4

T/f- the target pop meet the designated criteria of interest

Answer 4

True

Question 5

When is an accessible pop used

Answer 5

When the researcher cannot obtain a list and obtains a sample from an available group

Question 6

Def element

Answer 6

A single member of a pop

Question 7

Def sampling frame

Answer 7

A listing of all elements of a pop

Question 8

Name the 2 types of sampling methods

Answer 8

Probability

Non probability

Question 9

Name the types of probability sampling (4)

Answer 9

Simple random sampling
Stratifies random sampling
Cluster random sampling
Systematic random sampling

Question 10

Def probability sampling

Answer 10

The use of a random selection process to obtain a sample from members or elements of a population

Question 11

What is the goal of probability sampling

Answer 11

Obtain representative elements of pop

Question 12

Probability sampling FYI

Answer 12

• each pop element has a known chance or probability of being selected for the sample
• investigators bias does not interfere

Question 13

Def simple random sampling

Answer 13

Ensures each element of the pop has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 14

Simple random sampling includes _____. ______ _______

Answer 14

Table of numbers

Question 15

Def table of random

Answer 15

• a group of numbers in nor order or sequence

- each number has an equal chance of being selected

Question 16

Def stratified random sampling

Answer 16

Population is divided into 2 subgroups or strata according to some variable of importance.
- simple random sample is taken from each subgroup

Question 17

Def proportional stratified sampling

Answer 17

Obtaining a sample from each stratum that is proportional to the size of the stratum in the total pop

Question 18

Def disproportional stratified sampling

Answer 18

Selection of members from strata in which the number of members chosen from each stratum is not in proportion to the size of the stratum in the total pop

Question 19

What should be considered when using disproportional stratified sampling

Answer 19

Weighting- an adjustment process

Question 20

Def weighting

Answer 20

• an adjustment process that involves simple computations

- adjustments allow a better estimate if the actual pop values

Question 21

When is cluster random sampling used

Answer 21

Large scale studies

Question 22

Def cluster sampling

Answer 22

Large groups , or clusters become the sampling units

Question 23

What is the draw back of using cluster random sampling and how can it be compensated

Answer 23

• sampling error incr with each stage of sampling

- compensate by using larger samples

Question 24

Def systemic random sampling

Answer 24

Selects every kth element of pop

Question 25

Steps of systematic random sampling

Answer 25

- obtain a list of total pop (N) - determine size of sample (n) - determine sample interval width = N/n

Question 26

Def non probability sampling

Answer 26

Sample elements are chosen from the pop by no random methods

Question 27

What is the draw back to using non probability sampling

Answer 27

More likely to produce a biased sample

Question 28

Why would non probability sampling be used

Answer 28

Convenience

Question 29

List the different methods of non probability sampling

Answer 29

Convenience Quota Purposive

Question 30

Def convenience sampling

Answer 30

- aka accidental/ incidental | - choosing readily available ppl or objects for a study

Question 31

Benefits of using convenience sampling

Answer 31

Saving time and money

Question 32

Def snowball sampling/ network sampling

Answer 32

The assistance of study subjects to help obtain other potential subjects

Question 33

Def quota sampling

Answer 33

- first step involves dividing the homogenous strata and selecting same elements from each of these strata - obtain members through convenience samples

Question 34

Def purposive sampling

Answer 34

Hand picking of subjects Aka judge mental sampling Subjects are chosen that the researcher believes represent the pop - based on the assumption that the researcher/ chosen expert has enough knowledge abt the pop of interest to select specific subjects for the study

Question 35

Which most often uses purposive sampling- quant or qual studies?

Answer 35

Qual

Question 36

Def longitudinal study

Answer 36

Follows subjects over a period of time in the future

Question 37

Def cross sectional study

Answer 37

Examines subjects at one point in time

Question 38

Def cohort study

Answer 38

Focus is on a subgroup of a pop , frequently persons who are of a simian age group

Question 39

T/f - quant studies use much smaller sample sizes than qual studies

Answer 39

False- qual use smaller sizes

Question 40

When may large sample sizes be needed

Answer 40

- many uncontrolled variables - small differences expected in members - pop must be divided into subgroups - drop out rate expected to be high - statistical tests require minimum sample sizes

Question 41

Def power analysis

Answer 41

A,procedure that can be used to determine the needed sample size

Question 42

Def sampling error

Answer 42

The difference bx data obtained from a random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire pop were measured

Question 43

T/f- sampling error is controlled by the researcher

Answer 43

False- not under the researchers control

Question 44

What is sampling error caused by

Answer 44

When a sample is chosen to represent a pop

Question 45

Def sampling bias

Answer 45

Sampling errors and bias are caused by the researcher if samples are not carefully selected

Question 46

Def volunteers

Answer 46

Subjects who approach the researcher asking to participate in the study

Question 47

How is volunteer sample diffent from a convenience sample

Answer 47

Convenience sample participants are approached by the researcher

Question 48

Draw backs of volunteer sample elements

Answer 48

- volunteers may take greater risks than non volunteers | - may be motivated by monetary or other types of rewards

Question 49

Def random sampling

Answer 49

The selection of a sample from them pop

Question 50

Def random assignment

Answer 50

The unbiased placement of the subjects to either the experimental or control groups Ina. Study

Question 51

Which type of sampling is necessary for a true experimental design

Answer 51

Random assignment