Chapter 11: Social Structure and Demographics

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

The study of the structure and function of each part of society.

Question 2

Functions can either be ____ or ____.

Answer 2

Manifest or latent

Question 3

Manifest Function

Answer 3

Action that is intended to help some part of the system.

Ex: Annual meetings of medical societies have the manifest function of educating a group of pysicians, sharing research findings, and setting goals for the next year.

Question 4

Latent Function

Answer 4

Unintended positive consequences on other parts of society.

Question 5

Conflict Theory

Answer 5

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order.

Question 6

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 6

A theoretical framework that studies the way individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbolism.

Question 7

Social Constructionism

Answer 7

Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality (reflects hpw we, as a society, construct conepts and principles).

Question 8

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 8

Focuses on decision making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual.

Ex: In this theory, an individual carefully considers all of the possible rewards and punishments of each social action and chooses the option that has the highest benefit-to-harm ratio.

Question 9

Feminist Theory

Answer 9

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exiat on the basis of geneder. This theory focuses on the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination.

Question 10

What are the four key tenets of American medical ethics? Provide a short description of each.

Answer 10

1. Beneficence: Act in the patients best interest.
2. Nonmaleficence: Do no harm, avoid interventions where the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit.
3. Respect for autonomy: Respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare.
4. Justice: Treat similar patients with similar care; distribute healthcare resources fairly.

Question 11

During demographic transition, what happens to the mortality rate? To the birth rate?

Answer 11

During demographic transition, both the mortality and birth rate decrease.

Question 12

Proactive Social Movements

Answer 12

In favor of a specific social change

Question 13

Reactive Social Movements

Answer 13

Run against a specific social change.

Question 14

Fertility Rate

Answer 14

The average number of children a woman has during her life-time in a population.

Question 15

Birth Rate

Answer 15

The number of births in a population per unit time, usually measured as births per 1000 people per year.

Question 16

Mortality Rate

Answer 16

The number of deaths in a population per unit time, usually measured per 1000 people per year.

Question 17

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 17

The recognition of an ethnic identity on special occasions or in specific circumstances, but not durning everydy life.

Question 18

Race

Answer 18

Phenotypic differences between groups of people.

Question 19

Ethnicity

Answer 19

Common language, religion, nationality, or other cultural factors.

Question 20

Ageism

Answer 20

Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age.

Ex: Young professionals entering the workplace are often viewed as being inexperienced, and their opinions and ideas may therefore be ignored or downplayed.

Question 21

Gender inequality

Answer 21

The intentional or unintentional empowerment of of one gender to the detriment of the other.

Question 22

Gender Segregation

Answer 22

The seperations of individuals based on percieved gender.

Ex: This includes divisions into male, female, and geneder neutral bathrooms; seperating male and female sports teams; and estabishment of single-sex schools.

Question 23

Demographic shifts

Answer 23

Chnages in the makeup of a population over time.

Question 24

Crude Rate

Answer 24

The total rate for a population.

Question 25

Immigration

Answer 25

The movement into a new geographical space.

Question 26

Emigration

Answer 26

The movement away from a geographic space.

Question 27

Migration * Pull Factors: * Push Factors:

Answer 27

* **Pull Factors** * Which are attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant. * **Push Factors** * Which are negative attributes of the old locaton that encourage the immigrant to leave.

Question 28

Demographic Transition

Answer 28

The transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.

Question 29

Describe the stages of Demegraphic Transition

Answer 29

* **Stage 1** * Preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high. * **Stage 2** * Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop. * **Stage 3** * Improvemnts in contraception, womens rights, and a shift from an agriculture to an industrial economy cause **birth rates** to drop. Furtherly, with an industrializing society, children must go to school for many years to be productive in society and may need to be supported by parents for a longer period of time than was formely the cas; families thus have fewer children. * **Stage 4** * An industrialized society; birth and death rate are both low.

Question 30

During Demographic Transition, ____ rate drops before ____ rate.

Answer 30

* Mortality Rate * Birth Rate * Therefore, the population grows at first while mortality rate is dropping, and then plateuas as the birth rate decreases as well.

Question 31

Malthusian Theory

Answer 31

Focuses on how the exponential grwoth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder. Ex: A Malthusian catastrophe, then, is the prediction that as third-world nations industrialize and undergo demographic transition, the pace at which the world population will grow is much faster than the ability to genertae food and mass starvation will occur.

Question 32

Globilization

Answer 32

The process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets. Ex: The availability of foods (especially produce) from around the world during the entire calendar year can only be accomplished through trade with an extremely large number of world markets.

Question 33

Urbanization

Answer 33

The dense areas of population creating a pull for migration.